Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of costal cartilage?

A

Continuation of the ribs attaching to sternum

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the thoracic cage?

A

Protect organs in the thoracic cavity

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3
Q

What does the thoracic inlet articulate with and what’s another name for it?

A

Superior thoracic aperture. posteriorly with 1st vertebral body. Laterally with 1st pair of ribs. Anteriorly with manubrium of sternum

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A

Top - manubrium
Middle - sternal body
Bottom - xiphoidoses

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5
Q

What is another name for the thoracic outlet and what does it articulate with?

A

Inferior thoracic aperture. 12th vertebral body inferiorly. 11th and 12th pair of ribs laterally. Costal cartilage of xiphisternal joint anteriorly

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6
Q

What is significant about 1st rib?

A

Broad and flat.
Has only 1 costal facet on head, articulating with 1st vertebra only.
It’s tubercle articulates with transverse process on first vertebra - costotransverse joint
2 shallow grooves separated by tubercle.
- grooves are for subclavian artery (medial) and subclavian vein (distal)

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7
Q

What are a features of a typical rib?

A

Head with 2 articular facets
Neck
Tubercle
Body with grooves

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8
Q

What is a costotransverse joint?

A

Synovial planar joint attaching rib tubercle to transverse process on same number vertebra

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9
Q

Where does a rib’s articular facets articulate?

A

Superior facet articulates with above vertebral body

Inferior facet articulates with same number vertebral body

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10
Q

What ribs are sternocostal joints?

A

2-7

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11
Q

What ribs are interchondral joints and what do they join?

A

8-10. Synovial planar, binding cartilage together

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12
Q

Which joints are synchondroses?

A

Primary cartilagenous joints

1st rib and manubrium of sternum - costosternal

Xiphoid and sternal body - xiphisternal joint

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13
Q

Which joint is symphysis?

A

Manubriosternal joint

The sternal angle between the manubrium and sternal body

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14
Q

Where are costal grooves found and what runs down them?

A

On the inside of the ribs. Veins, arteries and nerves VAN

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15
Q

Which intercostal muscles are present?

A

3 layers
Outermost is external intercostal
Middle is internal intercostal
Innermost is innermost intercostal

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16
Q

What is the arterial supply of the thoracic cage?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries branched off thoracic aorta

Subclavian artery branches to internal thoracic artery which branches to anterior intercostal arteries

Thoracic cage supplied by branches of axillary arteries

17
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thoracic cage?

A

Azygous vein, which has hemizygous veins as branches
Also internal thoracic veins
All drain into vena cava

18
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the chest?

A

Right - right lymphatic duct and then right subclavian internal jugular junction

Left - thoracic duct and then left subclavian internal jugular junction

19
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the breast? (3)

A

Axillary lymph nodes, parasternal lymph nodes, abdominal lymph nodes

20
Q

What is the mediastinum and how is it split?

A

Superior is above sternal angle
Inferior mediastinum is split into 3
Anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum
Middle mediastinum holds heart

21
Q

What are the 3 peripheral attachments to the diaphragm and the 1 central attachment?

A

Lumbar vertebra
Costal margins rib 7-12
Xiphoid process

Central tendon is to fibrous pericardium

22
Q

Where do the left and right crus arise from?

A

Left is L1-L2
Right is L1-L3

23
Q

What is the purpose of crus?

A

Both attach to vertebra and assist muscular contraction

Right helps prevent gas reflux

24
Q

What and where are the three hiatuses of the diaphragm?

A

T8 - caval opening
T10 - oesophageal hiatus
T12 - aortic hiatus

25
Q

What passes through the caval opening? Where is it?

A

at the central tendenous part of the diaphragm. Inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve which supplies diaphragm

Phrenic nerve is C3-C5

26
Q

What passes through the oesophageal hiatus?

A

Oesophagus and vagus nerves (10th pair cranial nerves)

27
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply?

A

Heart, lungs, abdominal and thoracic organs

28
Q

What passes through the aortic hiatus?

A

Aorta, azygous vein, hemizygous vein and thoracic duct

29
Q

Between which muscles does the costal grooves (VAN) run down?

A

Between internal intercostal and innermost intercostal muscles

30
Q

What structures can be found in the inferior posterior mediastinum?

A

oesophagus, descending thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, azygous and hemizygous

31
Q

What structure is found in the inferior anterior mediastinum?

A

thymus

32
Q

What does the sternum articulate with?

A

1st costal cartilage - manubrium
2nd costal cartilage - manubriosternal joint
3-6th costal cartilage - sternal body
7th costal cartilage - xiphosternal joint

33
Q

What is the blood supply to the lungs?

A

brachial arteries. 2 on left 1 on right. bronchial veins bring back oxygenated blood

34
Q

What nerve innervates the rest of the diaphragm?

A

lower 6 intercostal nerves supply parietal pleura of diaphragm but not superior surface, which is innervated by phrenic nerve.