Respiratory 1

Question 1

What is the purpose of costal cartilage?

Answer 1

Continuation of the ribs attaching to sternum

Question 2

What is the purpose of the thoracic cage?

Answer 2

Protect organs in the thoracic cavity

Question 3

What does the thoracic inlet articulate with and what’s another name for it?

Answer 3

Superior thoracic aperture. posteriorly with 1st vertebral body. Laterally with 1st pair of ribs. Anteriorly with manubrium of sternum

Question 4

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

Answer 4

Top - manubrium
Middle - sternal body
Bottom - xiphoidoses

Question 5

What is another name for the thoracic outlet and what does it articulate with?

Answer 5

Inferior thoracic aperture. 12th vertebral body inferiorly. 11th and 12th pair of ribs laterally. Costal cartilage of xiphisternal joint anteriorly

Question 6

What is significant about 1st rib?

Answer 6

Broad and flat.
Has only 1 costal facet on head, articulating with 1st vertebra only.
It’s tubercle articulates with transverse process on first vertebra - costotransverse joint
2 shallow grooves separated by tubercle.
- grooves are for subclavian artery (medial) and subclavian vein (distal)

Question 7

What are a features of a typical rib?

Answer 7

Head with 2 articular facets
Neck
Tubercle
Body with grooves

Question 8

What is a costotransverse joint?

Answer 8

Synovial planar joint attaching rib tubercle to transverse process on same number vertebra

Question 9

Where does a rib’s articular facets articulate?

Answer 9

Superior facet articulates with above vertebral body

Inferior facet articulates with same number vertebral body

Question 10

What ribs are sternocostal joints?

Answer 10

2-7

Question 11

What ribs are interchondral joints and what do they join?

Answer 11

8-10. Synovial planar, binding cartilage together

Question 12

Which joints are synchondroses?

Answer 12

Primary cartilagenous joints

1st rib and manubrium of sternum - costosternal

Xiphoid and sternal body - xiphisternal joint

Question 13

Which joint is symphysis?

Answer 13

Manubriosternal joint

The sternal angle between the manubrium and sternal body

Question 14

Where are costal grooves found and what runs down them?

Answer 14

On the inside of the ribs. Veins, arteries and nerves VAN

Question 15

Which intercostal muscles are present?

Answer 15

3 layers
Outermost is external intercostal
Middle is internal intercostal
Innermost is innermost intercostal

Question 16

What is the arterial supply of the thoracic cage?

Answer 16

Posterior intercostal arteries branched off thoracic aorta

Subclavian artery branches to internal thoracic artery which branches to anterior intercostal arteries

Thoracic cage supplied by branches of axillary arteries

Question 17

What is the venous drainage of the thoracic cage?

Answer 17

Azygous vein, which has hemizygous veins as branches
Also internal thoracic veins
All drain into vena cava

Question 18

What is the lymphatic drainage of the chest?

Answer 18

Right - right lymphatic duct and then right subclavian internal jugular junction

Left - thoracic duct and then left subclavian internal jugular junction

Question 19

What is the lymphatic drainage of the breast? (3)

Answer 19

Axillary lymph nodes, parasternal lymph nodes, abdominal lymph nodes

Question 20

What is the mediastinum and how is it split?

Answer 20

Superior is above sternal angle
Inferior mediastinum is split into 3
Anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum
Middle mediastinum holds heart

Question 21

What are the 3 peripheral attachments to the diaphragm and the 1 central attachment?

Answer 21

Lumbar vertebra
Costal margins rib 7-12
Xiphoid process

Central tendon is to fibrous pericardium

Question 22

Where do the left and right crus arise from?

Answer 22

Left is L1-L2
Right is L1-L3

Question 23

What is the purpose of crus?

Answer 23

Both attach to vertebra and assist muscular contraction

Right helps prevent gas reflux

Question 24

What and where are the three hiatuses of the diaphragm?

Answer 24

T8 - caval opening
T10 - oesophageal hiatus
T12 - aortic hiatus

Question 25

What passes through the caval opening? Where is it?

Answer 25

at the central tendenous part of the diaphragm. Inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve which supplies diaphragm

Phrenic nerve is C3-C5

Question 26

What passes through the oesophageal hiatus?

Answer 26

Oesophagus and vagus nerves (10th pair cranial nerves)

Question 27

What does the vagus nerve supply?

Answer 27

Heart, lungs, abdominal and thoracic organs

Question 28

What passes through the aortic hiatus?

Answer 28

Aorta, azygous vein, hemizygous vein and thoracic duct

Question 29

Between which muscles does the costal grooves (VAN) run down?

Answer 29

Between internal intercostal and innermost intercostal muscles

Question 30

What structures can be found in the inferior posterior mediastinum?

Answer 30

oesophagus, descending thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, azygous and hemizygous

Question 31

What structure is found in the inferior anterior mediastinum?

Answer 31

thymus

Question 32

What does the sternum articulate with?

Answer 32

1st costal cartilage - manubrium
2nd costal cartilage - manubriosternal joint
3-6th costal cartilage - sternal body
7th costal cartilage - xiphosternal joint

Question 33

What is the blood supply to the lungs?

Answer 33

brachial arteries. 2 on left 1 on right. bronchial veins bring back oxygenated blood

Question 34

What nerve innervates the rest of the diaphragm?

Answer 34

lower 6 intercostal nerves supply parietal pleura of diaphragm but not superior surface, which is innervated by phrenic nerve.