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Biol 207 > Topic 2: Life Cycles and Eukaryotic Chromosomes > Flashcards

Topic 2: Life Cycles and Eukaryotic Chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

Fertilization causes a change from the __________ phase to the __________ whereas meiosis causes a change from the ___________ to the ___________ phase

A

Haploid –> diploid

Diploid –> haploid

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2
Q

What joins during fertilization

A

Paternal and maternal homologs

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3
Q

Meiosis produces what? Which undergoes _______________ to produce a _________.

A

Produces eggs and sperm (n)
Undergoes fertilization to produce a zygote (2n)

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4
Q

What happens to the zygote?

A

Undergoes mitosis, becomes an adult then undergoes meiosis

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5
Q

Male vs female production of gametes

A

Male = spermatogenesis
Female = oogenesis

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6
Q

What is endlessly undergoing mitosis in the testes of males?

A

Spermatogonia (2n)

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7
Q

Spermatogonia enter ___________ to become ___________

A

Prophase 1
Primary spermatocyte (2n)

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8
Q

The primary spermatocyte undergoes ___________ to produce _____________________

A

Meiosis 1
Secondary spermatocytes (n) x2

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9
Q

Secondary spermatocytes undergo ______________ to produce _____________

A

Meiosis 2
4 spermatids (immature sperm)

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10
Q

the spermatids develop into what

A

4 mature sperm

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11
Q

Transformations in spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia (2n) -> primary spermatocyte (2n) -> secondary spermatocytes (n) -> 4 spermatids -> 4 mature sperm

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12
Q

What is undergoing mitosis in women

A

Oogonium (2n)

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13
Q

Oogonium enters __________ to become _______________

A

Prophase 1
Primary oocyte (2n)

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14
Q

Primary oocytes undergo _________________ to become _______________ and __________________

A

Meiosis 1
Secondary oocyte (1n) and 1st polar body

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15
Q

Secondary oocytes undergo _____________ to become __________________ and _______________

A

Meiosis 2
Ovum (n) and 2nd polar body

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16
Q

Ovum undergoes _____________ to become a ____________

A

fertilization, zygote

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17
Q

When does sperm penetration occur

A

Before completion of meiosis 2 (before ovum), triggers meiosis 2

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18
Q

What happens in women before birth

A

Oogonium becomes primary oocyte, then oogenesis arrests in prophase 1

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19
Q

When does meiosis resume in women

A

After puberty, one or two primary oocytes will resume meiosis per month until they run out

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20
Q

Morula vs blastocyst

A

Morula = solid ball of cells
Blastocyst = hollow ball

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21
Q

Major difference in human life cycle and plant life cycle

A

Diploid and haploid stages are multicellular in plants

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22
Q

Diploid stage is called _______________ and haploid stage is called ______________ (plants)

A

Sporophyte (2n)
Gametophyte (1n)

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23
Q

What do gametophytes produce? How? Vs sporophytes?

A

Gametophytes produce gametes through mitosis

Sporophytes produce spores (1n) through meiosis

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24
Q

What happens to gametes after mitosis (plants)

A

fusion into zygote (2n)

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25
Q

Ploidy of gametes, spores, zygote

A

Gametes = n
Spores = n
Zygote = 2n

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26
Q

In most flowering plants/conifers, how large is the sporophyte and where does it live? Gametophyte?

A

Gametophyte = tiny, depends on/lives in the sporophyte

Sporophyte = larger, leafy part

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27
Q

Micro vs mega in plants

A

Micro = males
Mega = females

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28
Q

microsporocytes (2n) undergo ____________ and become _______________

A

meiosis
4 microspores (n)

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29
Q

Microspores undergo _________ and become _____________

A

mitosis
mature pollen grains (microgametophytes)

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30
Q

Where is the ovary located in plants

A

Inside the pistil

31
Q

Megasporocytes (2n) undergo _________ and become _______________

A

meiosis
megaspores (n)

32
Q

Megaspores undergo ______________ and become ________________

A

mitosis
Megagametophyte (8 nuclei)

33
Q

Megasporophytes contain 8 nuclei, the three important ones are…

A

2 polar nuclei
1 egg nuclei

34
Q

How do plant zygotes form

A

One sperm nuclei fuses with the egg

35
Q

Two parts of double fertilization

A
  1. one sperm nuclei fuses with egg = zygote
  2. one sperm nuclei fuses with two polar nuclei = endosperm (3n)
36
Q

What does the endosperm provide

A

Nutritive tissue that feeds the plant embryo in the seed

37
Q

2n, genome size, # genes of yeast

A

2n = 32 / 10Mb / 6144 genes

38
Q

Advantages of yeast

A

Unicellular
Short cell cycle
Easy manipulation of ploidy
All products of meiosis in a single structure
Grows easily in culture

39
Q

Two mating types of yeast, what part of the life cycle do they occur in

A

a and alpha
Sexual and asexual haploid part of life cycle

40
Q

Mitosis of haploid and diploid cells occurs through what in yeasts?

A

Budding

41
Q

Two components of the sexual cycle of yeast

A
  • nuclear fusion (two equal sized gametes from a and alpha)
  • meiosis
42
Q

What is the ascus

A

Container found in yeasts containing ascospores (undergo budding, meiosis, fusion)

43
Q

How do induce haploid culture in yeasts? Diploid?

A

n = induce meiosis via starvation
2n = induce nuclear fusion via nutritive medium

44
Q

Advantages of the sexual life cycle of yeasts

A

Can induce meiosis to observe the recessive allele phenotype

45
Q

Where are products of individual meiotic division kept in yeast

A

Ascus

46
Q

Five rules of nucleic acid synthesis

A
  1. DNA made of dNTPS, RNA made of NTPS
  2. Built in 5’ to 3’ direction
  3. Made using ssDNA template
  4. Complementary base pairing
  5. Run anti-parallel
47
Q

What is required by DNA/RNA polymerase on the DNA strand

A

Open 3’ OH

48
Q

Which bases are purines? Pyrimidines? Which ones pair

A

Purines = AG
Pyrimidines = CT

A-T
C-G

49
Q

What are the parts of the eukaryotic chromosome

A

Centromere (attachment points for spindle microtubules)
Telomeres (repetitive regions at tips of chromosomes)
Origins of replication (where DNA synthesis begins)

50
Q

How many origins of replication on eukaryotic chromosomes

A

Thousands

51
Q

Why are telomeres required on chromosomes

A

Prevent chromosomes instability and loss of important genetic information at each round of replication
- are repetitive, encode no genes so can be lost

52
Q

What enzyme builds telomeres

A

Telomerase

53
Q

Two parts of telomerase, their functions

A
  1. Protein = polymerase action
  2. RNA enzyme = tandem repeat that matches g-rich overhang
54
Q

Difference in packing in interphase vs M-phase. Why?

A

Interphase = loosely packed to allow for DNA replication, RNA transcription, repair processes

M-phase = tightly packed and mobile to keep organized/separated

55
Q

Characteristics of euchromatin vs heterochromatin (condensation, location, type of seq, presence of genes)

A

E = less compact, chromosome arm, unique seq, many genes, transcription occurs

H = more compact, centromeres/telomeres/other, moderately/highly repetitive, few genes

56
Q

Aspects of chromatin structure

A

Nucleosome, linker DNA, 30nm fiber, 300nm loops, 250nm wide fiber

57
Q

Most dense area of chromatin

A

250 nm wide fiber

58
Q

What is a nucleosome

A

DNA wrapped around histones, many joined = basic repeating unit of chromatin

59
Q

Sequence of 30nm fiber, 250nm wide fiber and 300nm loop

A

30->300->250

60
Q

Slide 32**

A

chromatin structure

61
Q

What are the four genes involved in making histones

A

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

62
Q

What is condensin

A

Protein that work at the highest level of compaction (compacts chromatid), required to achieve metaphase chromosome (max density)

63
Q

Cohesin vs condensin

A

cohesin = work btw sister chromatids to keep them together
condensin = work within a chromatid to compact it (max density for metaphase)

64
Q

What is a karyotype

A

Physical description of an individual or a species’ chromosomes

65
Q

Human karyotype consists of…

A

22 pairs of autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX/XY)

66
Q

Is X the large or small chromosome? Male or female

A

X is large, female

67
Q

What are metacentric, telocentric and acrocentric chromosomes

A

Metacentric = centromere in the middle
Telocentric = only bottom half of chromosome (?)
Acrocentric = centromere very close to top of chromosome

68
Q

What does the giemsa stain show us

A

Banding of chromosomes

69
Q

How do we arrest a chromosome at metaphase

A

Block metaphase checkpoint (which checks the spindle apparatus). Prevents microtubules from forming spindle. Use drug (colchicine)

70
Q

Karyotype nomenclature for humans? Chimps?

A

46, XX or 46, XY
48, XX or 48, XY

71
Q

List three chromosomal abnormalities, their nomenclature

A

Down syndrome: 47, XX +21 (3 copies of chr 21)
Turner’s syndrome: 45, X (whole/partial missing X chr)
Cri-du-chat: 46, XX, -5p (part of chromosome 5 missing)

72
Q

Parts of the chromosome

A

Arms (p and q)
G-banding
Subbands
regions

73
Q

P vs q arms

A

P = petite arm (top)
Q = long arm

Biol 207 (22 decks)

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