Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the key components necessary for life?
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism
The ability of an organism or system to adjust to changes in conditions
Responsiveness
Process of increasing in size
Growth
Process by which new organisms are generated
Reproduction
Steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain
Homeostasis
The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body
Metabolism
Assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules
Anabolism
Breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules
Catabolism
What are the four requirements for human life?
Oxygen
Nutrients
Temperature
Atmospheric pressure
What is the correct level of oxygen for human life?
20%
Atmospheric air is only about ____ oxygen
20%
Oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ____.
ATP
_____ cells are especially sensitive to lack of oxygen because of their requirement for a high-and-steady production of ATP.
Brain
Brain cells are especially sensitive to lack of ______ because of their requirement for a high-and-steady production of ATP.
Oxygen
Brain death is likely within ____ minutes without oxygen
5
Death is likely within ___ minutes without oxygen
10
A ________ is a substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival.
Nutrient
What are the three basic classes of nutrients?
Water
Macro
Micro
What is the most critical nutrient?
Water
Depending on the environmental temperature and our state of health, we may only be able to survive for a few ____ without water
Days
The body’s functional chemicals are dissolved and transported in water, and the _______ reactions of life take place in water
Chemical
What is the largest component of cells, blood, and the fluid between cells?
Water
What is the largest component of cells?
Water
What is the largest component of blood?
Water
What is the largest component of the fluid between cells?
Water
Water makes up about ____ percent of an adult’s body mass
70
Water also helps regulate our internal _________
Temperature
Water cushions, protects, and lubricates _____ and many other body structure?
Joints
____nutrients are needed in great amounts
Macro
What are the three macronutrients?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
______nutrients are needed in smaller amounts
Micro
What are the two micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals
What is the narrow range of acceptable body temperature?
Just below to just above 37C (98.6F)
When body temperature rises well above or drops well below normal, certain proteins (enzymes) that facilitate chemical reactions lose their normal _______ and ability to _____ and the chemical reactions of metabolism cannot proceed
Structure; function
The body can respond effectively to ______-term exposure to heat or cold
Short
As sweat evaporates from skin, it removes some ______ energy from the body, cooling it.
Thermal
A force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance
Pressure
Pressure exerted by a mixture of gases (primarily nitrogen and oxygen) in the earth’s atmosphere.
Atmospheric pressure
What two gases is atmospheric pressure mainly composed of?
Nitrogen and oxygen
_______ pressure is constantly pressing down on your body.
Atmospheric
Atmospheric pressure keeps ______ within your body; such as the gaseous nitrogen in body fluids, dissolved.
gases
What keeps blood gases dissolved in our bodies?
Atmospheric pressure
Our ability to _____ depends on a precise atmospheric pressure
Breathe
To take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
Breathing
Altitude sickness occurs in part because the atmosphere at high altitudes exerts _____ pressure, reducing the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Less
What are some of the symptoms of altitude sickness?
Shortness of breath, confusion, headache, lethargy, and nausea.
______ is the process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger more complex substances, while _______ is the process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules.
Anabolism; catabolism
__________ is the force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance.
Pressure
______ requires energy; _______ releases energy
Anabolism; catabolism
The consumption of food and the subsequent conversion into energy.
Metabolism
Ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environment.
Responsiveness
Formation of new organisms from parent organisms.
Reproduction
Actions of joints and muscles to propel a body as well as those of individual organs and individual cells.
Movement
The increase in body size.
Growth
the scientific study of the body’s structures.
Anatomy
The word “________” comes from a Greek root that means, “cut apart” or to “cut open.”
Anatomy
Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and and by observing injuries, such as the wounds of ________
Soldiers
When a body is _________, its structures are cut apart in order to observe their physical attributes and their relationships to one another.
Dissected
Gross anatomy, also called __________ anatomy, is the study of larger structures of the body that are visible without the aid of magnification.
Macroscopic
_______ anatomy, also called macroscopic anatomy, is the study of larger structures of the body that are visible without the aid of magnification.
Gross
________ anatomy is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen.
Regional
_________ anatomy is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function.
Systemic
Study of general form and superficial markings
Surface anatomy
The study of the structural changes of an individual from fertilization to adulthood
Developmental anatomy
________ anatomy studies structures that cannot be seen without magnification.
Microscopic
Micro- means “______,” and microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices.
Small
The study of cells
Cytology
The study of tissues
Histology
As the technology of __________ has advanced, anatomists have been able to observe smaller and smaller structures of the body, from slices of large structures like the heart, to the three-dimensional structures of large molecules in the body.
Microscopes
Science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body’s functions
Human physiology
The term “___________,” comes from Ancient Greek, meaning “study of nature, origins.”
Physiology
Whereas anatomy is about ________, physiology is about _________.
Structure; function
Human _________ is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life
Physiology
Much of the study of physiology centers on the body’s tendency toward __________
Homeostasis
The functions of living cells (including the chemical and molecular levels)
Cell physiology
All aspects of the function of specific organ systems
Systemic physiology
The effects of diseases on organ or system functions
Pathological physiology or pathology
The heart is a contractile organ that pumps blood (_________) but it needs the vessels to transport blood (________ anatomy).
Physiology; systemic
the study of structures too small to be seen without a microscope
Microscopic anatomy
The study of cells
Cytology/cell physiology
the study of tissues, which make up organs
Histology
the study of anatomical structures that are visible to the naked eye
Gross anatomy
the study of external features that do not require dissection to see
Surface anatomy
the study of external and internal anatomy of one specific area of the body
Regional anatomy
the study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems
systemic anatomy/physiology
the study of embryos and the changes they undergo as they mature
Developmental anatomy
the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions
Pathological physiology
__________ anatomy is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen.
Regional
_________ anatomy is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification.
Gross
_______ is the branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells.
Cytology
_______ is the study of the disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury
Pathophysiology
Study of general form and superficial markings
Surface anatomy
Study of all the superficial and internal features of a specific region of the body
Regional anatomy
Study of internal structure of individual cells
Cytology
Study of the structure of major organ systems
Systemic anatomy
Study of tissues, groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions
Histology
What are the four components of the chemical level of organization?
Protons, neutrons, electrons
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
What are the subatomic particles that make up an atom?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
What is the smallest unit of any element?
An atom
Atoms are made up of _______ particles
Subatomic
What are the chemical building blocks of all body structures?
Molecules
Two or more _____ combine to form a molecule via chemical bonds, such as water molecules, proteins, and sugars found in living things.
Atoms
What are the two components at the cellular level of organization?
Organelle
cells
Functioning units within a cell
Organelles
Smallest living unit
Cells
What are the four primary types of tissue?
Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nerve
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth
What are the three types of nervous tissue?
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
What are the types of epithelial tissue?
Lining of gastrointestinal tract and other hollow organs, skin surface
What are the three types of connective tissue?
Tendon
Bone
Fat and other soft padding tissue
Two or more different tissues working together to perform specific functions form an _____
Organ
Organs interacting to perform specific functions form _________
Organ systems
What are the 11 organ systems?
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
What is included in the integumentary system?
Hair
Skin
Nails
The integumentary system’s primary function is to protect against environmental ___________, control body ___________, and to provide us with _________ input-information.
Hazards; temperature; sensory
What are the components of the skeletal system?
Cartilage, bones, joints
The skeletal system’s primary function is to provide ________, protect ________, store ________, and help in the formation of ______ cells.
Support; Tissues; Minerals; blood
What are the components of the muscular system?
Skeletal muscles and tendons
The muscular system’s primary function is to provide _______, ________, and _________ for other tissues.
Movement; protection; support
The muscular system is composed of the ______, ______, and ________ muscles (both axial and appendicular).
Cardiac; smooth; skeletal
What are the components of the nervous system?
Brain; spinal cord; peripheral nerves
The nervous system’s primary function is to direct immediate responses to ________, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems.
Simuli
The nervous system provides and interprets _______ information about internal and external conditions.
Sensory
What are the components of the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Testes/Ovaries
The endocrine system’s primary function is to direct the long-term changes in activities of other organ systems via the use of?
Hormones
The endocrine system is composed of the various endocrine ________ and _________ that are secreted from said glands
Glands; hormones
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
Heart and blood vessels
The circulatory/cardiovascular system’s primary function is to transport _____ and dissolved materials including ______, _______, _______ and _______ throughout the body.
Cells; Nutrients; wastes; oxygen; carbon dioxide
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymph vessels
The lymphatic/immune system’s primary function is to defend against _________ and to help return __________ to the bloodstream.
Infection; tissue fluid
What are the components of the respiratory system?
Nasal passage
Trachea
Lungs
The respiratory system’s primary function is to deliver air to sites in the lungs where __________ occurs between the air and bloodstream, and it helps to produce ________ for communication.
Gas exchange; sound
What are the components of the digestive system?
Mouth
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Liver
Gallbladder
Stomach
Pancreas
Small and large intestine
Anus
The digestive system’s primary function is to process ________ and absorb __________.
Food; nutrients
What are the components of the urinary system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
The urinary system’s primary function is to excrete waste products from the _______; it also helps to control __________ by regulating the volume of urine produced
Blood; water balance
What are the components of the male reproductive system?
Testes
Penis
What are the components of the female reproductive system?
Ovaries
Uterus
Mammary glands
The reproductive system’s primary function is to produce _____cells (sperm and egg cells) as well as sex hormones like __________, _________, and ___________.
Sex; Testosterone; estrogen; Progesterone
Which organ system protects against environmental hazards and controls body temperature?
Integumentary
which organ system Provides support, protect tissues, store minerals, and help in the formation of blood cells
Skeletal
which organ system Produces male and female sex cells as well as any related hormones.
Reproductive
Which organ system Excretes waste products from the blood, and help to control water balance
Urinary
Which organ system Provides movement, protection, and support for other tissues.
Muscular
Which organ system Directs immediate responses to stimuli, and provides and interprets sensory information
Nervous
Which organ system Processes food and absorb nutrients
Digestive
Which organ system Defends against infection and disease and helps to return tissue fluid to the bloodstream
Lymphatic
Which organ system Directs the long-term changes in activities of other organ systems via the use of hormones.
Endocrine
Which organ system Transports cells and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and more
Cardiovascular
The
__________ system delivers oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
Cardiovascular
This system is responsible for secreting hormones that help to regulate various bodily processes.
Endocrine
The control of water balance and elimination of waste from blood is carried out by the
____________
system.
Urinary
This system detects and processes sensory information throughout the body.
Nervous
A state of internal balance or stable internal environment
Homeostasis
What is the normal range for human body temperature?
98.6-101F
Homeo means _______ as stasis means ________
Similar; standing
The physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates
The physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates
The physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates
The physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates
The physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates
Set point
The restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable
Normal range
The component in a feedback mechanism system that causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range
Effector
Homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body’s physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus
Negative feedback system
Mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition in response to a stimulus
Positive feedback mechanism
___________ must be maintained in order to survive.
Homeostasis
Malfunction of organ systems occurs when ___________ responses are overwhelmed, resulting in disease.
Homeostatic
Homeostasis is maintained by interdependent _________ systems functioning together.
Organ
What are the most common negative feedbacks?
Thermoregulation
Blood sugar regulation
Osmoregulation
Blood pressure regulation
Erythropoiesis
A component of a feedback system that monitors a physiological value
Sensor/receptor
The component in a feedback system that compares the value to the normal range
Control center
The component in a feedback system that causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range.
Effector
Mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition in response to a stimulus
Positive feedback
A
_________
is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates.
Set point
__________ feedback intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it.
Positive
Is blood glucose regulation positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Negative
Is erythropoiesis a positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Negative
Is thermoregulation a positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Negative
Is blood pressure regulation a positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Negative
Is lactation a positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Positive
Is blood clotting a positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Positive
Is childbirth a positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Positive
______ anatomy considers large structures such as the brain.
Gross
The organization of the body often is
discussed in terms of ____ distinct levels of
increasing complexity, from the smallest
chemical building blocks to a unique
human organism.
6
____________ reactions are building reactions, and they consume energy.
Anabolic
Anabolic reactions are building reactions, and they _________ energy.
Consume
__________
reactions break materials down and release energy.
Catabolic
Catabolic
reactions ____________ materials and release energy.
Break down
Metabolism includes both __________ and _________ reactinos
Anabolic; catabolic
Runners demonstrate two characteristics of living humans—___________ and __________
Responsiveness; movement
In a negative feedback loop, a _______—a deviation from a set point—is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis.
Stimulus
In a negative feedback loop, a stimulus—a deviation from a ________—is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis.
Set point
In a negative feedback loop, a stimulus—a deviation from a set point—is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to ___________
Homeostasis
A positive feedback loop results
in a change in the body’s _________, rather than a return to ______________
Status; homeostasis
What are some examples of a positive feedback loop?
Blood clotting using platelets, oxytocin, chronic heart failure (CHF)
The larynx is part of which organ system?
Respiratory
The trachea is part of which organ system?
Respiratory
The lungs are part of which organ system?
Respiratory
The diaphragm is part of which organ system?
Respiratory
The descending aorta is part of which organ system?
Cardiovascular/circulatory
Your carotid arteries are part of which organ system?
Cardiovascular/circulatory
The inferior vena cava is part of which organ system?
Cardiovascular/circulatory
The external jugular vein is part of which organ system?
Cardiovascular/circulatory
The internal jugular vein is part of which organ system?
Cardiovascular/circulatory
The hard palate is part of which organ system?
Digestive
The soft palate is part of which organ system?
Digestive
The epiglottis is part of which organ system?
Digestive
The esophagus is part of which organ system?
Digestive
The stomach is part of which digestive system?
Digestive
The small intestine is part of which organ system?
Digestive
The large intestine is part of which organ system?
Digestive
The anus is part of which organ system?
Digestive
The liver is part of which organ system?
Digestive
The gallbladder is part of which organ system?
Digestive
The pancreas is part of which organ system?
Digestive
The thyroid is part of which organ system?
Endocrine
The spleen is part of which organ system?
Lymphatic
The thymus is part of which organ system?
Lymphatic
The kidneys are part of which organ system?
Urinary
The ureter is part of which organ system?
Urinary
The bladder is part of which organ system?
Urinary
The urethra is part of which organ system?
Urinary
The ovaries are part of which organ system?
Female reproductive
The uterine horns are part of which organ system?
Female reproductive
The genital papilla are part of which organ system?
Female reproductive
The testes are part of which organ system?
Male reproductive
The vas deferens/ductus deferens are part of which organ system?
Male reproductive
The penis is part of which organ system?
Male reproductive
The scrotal sac is part of which organ system?
Male reproductive
A system that regulates it’s internal environment in order to maintain a stable,constant condition
Homeostasis
The body senses an internal change and activates mechanisms that reverse that change. Negative feedback is the usual process of maintaining homeostasis.
Negative feedback
Occurs when the output of a system acts to enhance the changes to the input of the system (contractions during childbirth continue to increase until baby is born).
Positive feedback
3 interdependent components: receptor, control center and effector
Homeostatic control
Blood sugar level is too high. The body cannot make enough insulin.
A signal to which an organism responds
Stimulus
Sense change and send signals to control center (such as thermal or pain receptors in skin)
Receptor
Receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands
Control center
