Chapter 2

Question 1

Bonds between atoms whose electronegativities differ by less than ___ are nonpolar covalent, bonds between atoms whose electronegativities differ by ___ to ___ are polar covalent, and bonds between atoms
whose electronegativities differ by more than ___ are largely ionic

Answer 1

0.5, 0.5 to 2, 2

Question 2

inductive effect

Answer 2

an atom’s ability to polarize a bond, shifting electrons IN A PI BOND in response to EN of nearby atoms

Question 3

dipole moment (Greek mu)

Answer 3

magnitude of charge at either end of molecule times distance between charges

Question 4

formal charge calculation

Answer 4

ve in free atom - # ve in bonded atom

Question 5

resonance forms for acetate ion (H3C-C=O-O)

Answer 5

both oxygen atoms share the negative charge and have equal electron densities (neither of the two structures is correct by itself for which O is double bonded to C)

Question 6

What differentiates two resonance forms?

Answer 6

placement of pi and nonbonding VEs

Question 7

resonance hybrid

Answer 7

no jumping back and forth b/w 2 resonance forms, instead has a single unchanging structure of the 2 forms
can go from triple to double
DON’T DIFFER IN NUCLEI POSITION

Question 8

Are all resonance forms equivalent?

Answer 8

no!
acetone - one has a C=O bond and other has C=C bond
different but both contribute to overall resonance hybrid
BUT: actual structure of hybrid resembles the more stable form

Question 9

True or false: The resonance hybrid is less stable than any individual resonance
form

Answer 9

false

Question 10

any ____ atom grouping with a ___ orbital on each atom has two resonance forms

Answer 10

3, p

Question 11

radical

Answer 11

substance that contains a single, unpaired electron in one of its orbitals,
denoted by a dot