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biology unit 1 review outline cards > Animals > Flashcards

Animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

cell

A

-basic membrane bound unit
- has the fundamental molecules of life
- is the thing that all living organisms are composed of

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2
Q

tissue

A
  • group of cells that have similar structure that function together as a unit
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3
Q

organ

A
  • collection of tissues that structurally form a unit that is specialized to perform a particular a particular function
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4
Q

system

A
  • group of organs working together to perform a specific function
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5
Q

invertebrate

A

animals that don’t have a vertebrate

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6
Q

Vertebrate

A
  • animals that have a vertebrate
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7
Q

what are animals

A
  • heterotrophic
  • multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • lack of cell walls
  • have muscle tissue
  • mostly reproduce sexually
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8
Q

how did animals evolve

A

probably evolved from colonial, flagellated protists

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of body plan

A
  • body symmetry (bilateral, radial, asymmetrical)
  • extent of cell organization
  • presence of a coelom
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10
Q

what is a colem

A

internal body cavity lined by mesoderm

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11
Q

radial symmetry

A

symmetry around a central axis

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12
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

symmetry in the middle making two identical halves

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13
Q

asymmetrical

A

no symmetry

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14
Q

segmentation

A

refers to the division of a body part into segments

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15
Q

level of cell organization

A
  • atoms
  • molecules
  • cells
  • tissue
  • organ
  • organ system
  • organism
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16
Q

what are the layers of body tissue

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
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17
Q

how does the coelom form

A

-inside is the digestive tube
- next layer is endoderm
- mesoderm
- coelom
- mesoderm
ectoderm

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18
Q

Order of evolution in the Kingdom Animalia

A
  • Phylum Porifera
  • phylum Cnidaria
  • phylum Platehelminthes
  • Phylum Nematoda
  • phylum annelida,
  • phylum Mollusca
  • phylum Echinodermata
  • phylum Arthropoda
  • phylum chordata
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19
Q

Phylum porifera example and body plan

A
  • example: sponges
  • sessile
  • asymmetrical
  • no tissue or organs
  • just 3 types of cell surround spongocoel (epithelial, collar, and amoeboid cells)
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20
Q

sessile

A

do not move

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21
Q

what do amoeboid cells form

A

skeleton of calcium carbonate and silica

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22
Q

how do phylum porifera eat

A
  • collar cells ingest
  • amoeboid cells digest and distribute nutrients
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23
Q

how do phylum porifera breathe

A
  • pores allow water to move in
  • osculum moves water out
  • flagella of collar cell maintain flow
  • oxygen is absorbed
  • wastes are removed
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24
Q

how do phylum porifera reproduce

A
  • asexual: by budding
  • sexual: sponges are hermaphrodites. they release egg & sperm in water
  • fertilization is external
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25
Q

hermaphrodites

A

has both female and male reproductive organs

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26
Q

Phylum Cnidaria example and body plan

A
  • example: hydra, jellyfish, corals
  • radially symmetrical
  • 2 layers: ectoderm and gastroderm which are separated by mesoglea
  • have nematocysts that release toxins to paralyze prey
    have basic muscle and nervous tissue
27
Q

what is mesoglea

A

jelly-like material that forms a fluid skeleton

28
Q

how do phylum cnidaria eat and breathe

A
  • have a mouth that also functions as an anus
  • a gastro-vascular cavity that helps in digestion, circulation, & gas exchange
  • catch small organisms with their tentacles, paralyze them and take them into gastrovascular cavity
29
Q

how do phylum cnidaria reproduce

A
  • life cycle consists of two stages
  • sessile polyp: can produce other polyp or medusae by budding
  • free swimming medusae release egg or sperm
  • external fertilization produces a free swimming planula that settles down to produce a polyp
30
Q

examples and body plan of phylum platehelminthes

A
  • also known as the flatworms
  • examples: tapeworms, flukes
  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • basic digestive system, muscle & nervous tissue
    flat but have 3 layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm)
  • no coelom yet
31
Q

characteristics of phylum platehelminthes

A
  • live in fresh water and feed on small animals with their mouth
  • parasitic worms
    absorb food through their body wall
  • have a gastrovascular cavity
  • no anus meaning waste is excreted from the mouth
  • no coelom
32
Q

parasitic worms

A

have suckers
- - suckers help them attach to the host
- are covered with a cuticle
- cuticle protects them from being digested

33
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A
  • known as round worms
  • scavengers or parasites
  • scavengers live in soil and bottoms of lakes
  • have anus
  • have a pseudocoelom
34
Q

what is a pseudocelom

A

a body cavity not lined by mesoderm
- acts like a hydrostatic skeleton

35
Q

benefits of phylum nematoda

A

used as - biological pesticides
- keep friendly bacteria in their intestines

36
Q

examples and body plan of phylum annelida

A
  • known as the segmented worms
  • example: sandworms, earthworms and leeches
  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • have a coelomate
  • body divided into segments
  • segments are identical in structure, allow them to grow in size, and helps them move
  • have a simple and complete digestive system
  • breathe through there skin
37
Q

characteristics of phylum annelida

A
  • closed circulatory system with blood vessels
  • 5 blood vessels surrounding esophagus are the 5 hearts
  • are hermaphrodites but can’t fertilize themselves
  • basic brain and basic kidneys
38
Q

benefits of phylum annelida

A

leech therapy
vermiculture (worm poop)

39
Q

examples and body plan of phylum mollusca

A
  • example: slugs, squids, octopi
  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • body made up of foot, mantle and visceral mass
    -no skeleton has a shell made of calcium carbonate (reduced to an internal rod in squids)
  • hemocoel is in a small space around the heart
  • open circulatory system
  • some blood runs through the vessels, rest is in sinuses (pools)
  • have 3 chambered hearts (2 atria and 1 ventricle
40
Q

what is the foot

A

muscular structure used for movement and feeding

41
Q

what is the mantle

A

thin layer of tissue that covers the gills and secretes the calcium carbonate shell

42
Q

what is the visceral mass

A

contains the digestive, respiratory, reproductive & excretory systems

43
Q

example and characteristics of phylum echinodermata

A
  • example: sea stars, sea urchins
  • radial symmetry
  • no cephalization
  • slow moving
  • endoskeleton made of calcium plates
  • soft gills
  • reproduce sexually
44
Q

examples and characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda

A
  • example: all insects, butterflies
  • segmented bodies (head, thorax, & abdomen
  • exoskeleton made of chitin, rigid, hinders gas exchange and growth
  • gills and trachea help with gas exchange
  • molting is needed for growth
  • hemocoel
  • hemolymph which is insect blood
45
Q

metamorphosis

A

change of shape & diet in life cycle
- only seen in class insecta in phylum arthropoda

46
Q

what are one pair of legs per segment called

A

centipede

47
Q

what are two pairs of legs per segment called

A
  • millipede
48
Q

key features of the chordates

A
  • vertebrates
  • hollow nerve chord (becomes spinal cord and brain)
    dorsal supporting rod-like structure called notochord which becomes discs in vertebral column in humans
  • gill slits will become lungs
  • two pairs of appendages
  • a skull with a large brain
  • 2 layered skin with many accessory structures (glands, scales, feathers, hair, horns etc.)
49
Q

classification of the chordates

A
  • early chordates were lancelets (look like fish) and tunicates (resemble sponges)
  • now 7 classes
    1. class agnatha
    2. class Chondrichthyes
    3. class Osteichthyes
    4. amphibians
    5. reptiles
    6. brids
    7. mammals
50
Q

class agnatha

A

lampreys - external parasites (attach to larger fish with suckers and feed on blood and body fluids
hagfish - eat small worms and are scavengers
- lack paired appendages/fins
- have sucker for mouth
- breathe through gills
- have cartilaginous skeletons

51
Q

class chondrichthyes

A
  • example: sharks, rays
  • 2 pairs of fins (pectoral and pelvic fins
  • cartilaginous skeleton
52
Q

what are the 3 types of sharks

A
  • viviparous
  • oviparous
  • ovoviviparous
53
Q

class osteichthyes

A
  • young fish have cartilaginous skeleton; adults have bone skeleton
  • can breathe without moving due to the operculum
  • swim bladders suspend them in water
  • fertilization is external
54
Q

what is operculum

A

bony plate that covers the gills
- water enters through mouth over the gills

55
Q

class amphibia

A
  • example: frogs, toads
  • evolutionary link between water and land
  • eggs have no shell
  • skin is very thin
  • need moist environment
  • metamorphosis
  • larvae breathe through gills
  • adults through lungs
  • 3 chambered heart
  • fertilization is both internal and external
56
Q

class reptilia

A
  • example: turtles, tortoises, snakes, lizards
  • terrestrial
  • scaly skin (prevents gas exchange)
  • turtle & tortoise have bony plates of amour
  • breathe through lungs
  • heat with 3 partially separated 3rd chamber
  • eggs with hard shells
  • some oviparous (turtles); some viviparous (snakes)
  • fertilization is internal
57
Q

which animals are ectotherms

A
  • invertebrates
  • fish
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
58
Q

class birds

A
  • endotherms
  • feathers evolved from scales
  • hollow bones to help with flight
  • lungs connected to air sacs
  • 4 chambered heart
  • oviparous
  • eggs have hard shells
  • internal fertilization
59
Q

class mammalia

A
  • endotherms
  • body covered in hair
  • produce milk and feed young
  • 4 chambered heart
  • breathe through lungs
  • internal fertilization
  • divided into 3 groups based on how they give birth
60
Q

what are the 3 grouped that Mammalia are divided into based on how they give birth

A
  • monotremes
  • marsupials
    -placentals
61
Q

class mammalia monotremes

A
  • lay eggs
  • only two species exist (platypus and spiny anteater)
62
Q

class mammalia marsupials

A
  • Examples: kangaroo, koala
  • young are born at very early stage and finish development in mother’s pouch
63
Q

class mammalia placentals

A

-examples: dogs, cats, humans
- incubate young in uterus until they are more developed

biology unit 1 review outline cards (6 decks)

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