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Microbiology > Ch. 2: How We See The Invisible World > Flashcards

Ch. 2: How We See The Invisible World Flashcards

1
Q

purpose of brightfield microscope

A

Used in wide variety of lab applications as standard microscope

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2
Q

Purpose of dark field microscope

A
  • increases contrast w/out staining
  • useful for viewing live specimens
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3
Q

Type of image produced by brightfield microscope

A

produces image on bright background

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4
Q

Example of bacteria visualized by brightfield microscope

A

Bacillus sp. showing endospores

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5
Q

Image produced by darkfield microscope

A

produce bright image on dark background

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6
Q

Example of bacteria visualized by darkfield microscope

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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7
Q

Purpose of phase contrast microscope

A
  • uses refraction & interference caused by structures in specimen to create high contrast, high res images w/out staining
  • useful for viewing live specimens, structures such as endospore & organelles
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8
Q

Image produced by phase contrast microscope

A

uses refraction & interference caused by structures in specimen to create high contrast, high res images w/out staining

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9
Q

Example of bacteria visualized with phase contrast microscope

A

Pseudomonas sp.

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10
Q

Purpose of differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope

A
  • uses interference patterns to enhance contrast between different features of a specimen
  • useful in distinguishing structures within live, unstained specimen
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11
Q

Image produced by differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope

A
  • high contrast image of living organisms with a 3D appearance
  • images viewed reveal detailed structures within cells
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12
Q

Example of bacteria visualized by differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope

A

E. coli O157:H7

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13
Q

Purpose of fluorescence microscope

A
  • uses fluorescent stains to produce an image
  • can be used to identify pathogens, find particular species, distinguish from dead cells, find locations of particular molecules within a cell
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14
Q

Image produced by fluorescence microscope

A
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15
Q

Example of bacteria visualized by fluorescence microscope

A

P. putida stained with fluorescent dyes to visualize the capsule

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16
Q

Purpose of confocal microscope

A
  • scan multiple z-planes successively
  • useful for examining thick specimens such as biofilms
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17
Q

Image produced by confocal microscope

A

produce numerous 2D high res images at various depths that can be constructed into 3D image by a computer

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18
Q

Example of bacteria visualized by confocal microscope

A

E. coli stained with acridine orange due to show nucleoid region of cells

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19
Q

Purpose of two-photon microscope

A
  • use scanning technique, fluorochromes, & long wavelength light
  • penetrates deep into thick specimens such as biofilms
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20
Q

Image produced by two-photon microscope

A
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21
Q

Example of bacteria visualized by two-photon microscope

A

mouse intestine cells stained with fluorescent dyes

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22
Q

Purpose of transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A
  • uses electron beams that pass through specimen to visualize small images
  • useful to observe small, thin specimens such as tissue sections & subcellular structures
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23
Q

Image produced by transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A
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24
Q

Example of bacteria visualized by transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

ebola virus

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25
Q

Purpose of scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A
  • uses electron beam to visualize surfaces
  • useful to observe 3D surface details of a specimen
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26
Q

Image produced by scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A
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27
Q

Example of bacteria visualized by scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

Campylobactor jejuni

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28
Q

Purpose of scanning tunneling microscope (STM)

A
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29
Q

Image produced by scanning tunneling microscope (STM)

A
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30
Q

Example of bacteria visualized by scanning tunneling microscope (STM)

A
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31
Q

Purpose of atomic force microscope (AFM)

A
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32
Q

Image produced by atomic force microscope (AFM)

A
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33
Q

Example of bacteria visualized by atomic force microscope (AFM)

A
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34
Q

Basic stain examples

A
  • methylene blue
  • crystal violet
  • malachite green
  • basic fuchsin
  • carbolfuchsin
  • safranin
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35
Q

Basic stain purposes

A

stain negatively charged structures & molecules such as nucleic acids & proteins

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36
Q

Basic stain outcome

A

Positive stain

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37
Q

Acidic stain examples

A
  • eosin
  • acid fuchsin
  • rose bengal
  • congo red
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38
Q

Acidic stain purposes

A

stain positively charged molecules & structures such as proteins

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39
Q

Acidic stain outcome

A

Can be either positive or negative stain depending on cell’s chemistry

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40
Q

Negative stain examples

A
  • india ink
  • nigrosin
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41
Q

Negative stain purpose

A

stains background, not specimen

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42
Q

Negative stain outcome

A

Dark background with light specimen

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43
Q

Gram stain dyes

A
  • crystal violet
  • Gram’s iodine
  • ethanol (decolorizer)
  • safranin
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44
Q

Gram stain purpose

A

used to distinguish cells by cell-wall type (gram-negative, gram positive)

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45
Q

Gram stain outcome

A
  • Gram-positive cells stain purple/violet
  • Gram-negative cells stain pink
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46
Q

Acid-fast stain dyes

A
  • after staining w/basic fuchsin, acid-fast abcteria resist decolorization by acid-alcohol
  • non acid-fast bacteria are counterstained w/methylene blue
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47
Q

Acid-fast stain purpose

A

used to distinguish between acid-fast bacteria, such as M. tuberculosis, from non acid-fast cells

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48
Q

Acid-fast stain outcome

A
  • acid-fast bacteria are red
  • non acid-fast bacteria cells are blue
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49
Q

Endospore stain dyes

A

uses heat to stain endospores w/malachite green (Schaeffer-Fulton procedure), then cell is washed & counterstained w/safranin

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50
Q

Endospore stain purpose

A
  • used to distinguish organisms w/endospores from those w/out
  • used to study endospores
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51
Q

Endospore stain outcome

A
  • endospores appear bluish-green
  • other structures appear pink to red
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52
Q

Flagella stain dyes

A

flagella are coated w/a tannic acid or potassium alum mordant, then stained using either pararosaline or basic fuchsin

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53
Q

Flagella stain purpose

A

used to view & study flagella in bacteria that have them

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54
Q

Flagella stain outcome

A

flagella are visible if present

55
Q

Capsule stain dyes

A
  • negative staining w/India ink or nigrosin is used to stain the background, leaving a clear area of the cell & the capsule
  • counterstaining can be used to stain the cell while leaving the capsule clear
56
Q

Capsule stain purpose

A

used to distinguish cells w/capsules from those w/out

57
Q

Capsule stain outcome

A

capsules appear clear or a halos if present

58
Q

Wavelength

A

distance between one peak of a wave and the next peak of another wave

59
Q

amplitude

A

height of each peak or depth of each trough

60
Q

frequency

A

the rate of vibration of the wave or # of wavelengths in a specific time period

61
Q

reflection

A

occurs when a wave bounces off of a material

62
Q

absorbance

A

occurs when a material captures the energy of a light wave

63
Q

transmittance

A

the process of transmission
- transmission occurs when a wave travels through a material

64
Q

interference

A
65
Q

diffraction

A

light waves interact w/small objects or openings by bending or scattering

66
Q

refraction

A

occurs when light waves change direction as they enter a new medium

67
Q

refractive index

A

the extent to which a material slows transmission speed relative to empty space

68
Q

image point (focus)

A
69
Q

focal point

A

the image point when light entering the lens is parallel

70
Q

focal length

A

the distance to the focal point

71
Q

dispersion

A

when white light passes through a prism and different colors are refracted in different directions creating rainbow like spectrum

72
Q

fluorescent dyes

A

absorb ultraviolet or blue light and then use the energy to emit photons of a different color, giving off light rather than simply vibrating

73
Q

phosphorescence

A

photons may be emitted following a delay after absorption

74
Q

magnification

A

the ability of a lens to enlarge the image of an object when compared to the real object

75
Q

resolution

A

the ability to tell that 2 separate points or objects are separate

76
Q

numerical aperture

A

a measure of a lens’s ability to gather light
- higher aperture = better resolution

77
Q

compound microscope

A
78
Q

simple microscope

A
79
Q

brightfield microscope

A
  • most commonly used microscope
  • compound microscope w/2 or more lenses that produce dark image on bright background
80
Q

monocular

A
81
Q

binocular

A
82
Q

ocular lens

A
83
Q

objective lens

A
84
Q

total magnification

A
85
Q

stage

A
86
Q

x-y mechanical knobs

A
87
Q

coarse focus knob

A
88
Q

fine focus knob

A
89
Q

illuminator

A
90
Q

condenser lens

A
91
Q

diaphragm

A
92
Q

rheostat

A
93
Q

chromophores

A
94
Q

oil immersion lens

A
95
Q

darkfield microscope

A
96
Q

phase-contrast microscope

A
97
Q

differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope

A
98
Q

fluorescence microscope

A
99
Q

fluorochromes

A
100
Q

immunofluorescence

A
101
Q

confocal microscope

A
102
Q

photon microscope

A
103
Q

electron microscope (EM)

A
104
Q

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A
105
Q

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A
106
Q

scanning probe microscope

A
107
Q

scanning tunneling microscope (STM)

A
108
Q

atomic force microscope (AFM)

A
109
Q

quantum tunneling

A
110
Q

wet mount

A
111
Q

fixation

A
112
Q

smear

A
113
Q

staining

A
114
Q

basic dye

A
115
Q

acidic dye

A
116
Q

positive stain

A
117
Q

negative stain

A
118
Q

simple staining

A
119
Q

differential staining

A
120
Q

gram stain procedure

A
121
Q

primary stain

A
122
Q

mordant

A
123
Q

decolorizing agent

A
124
Q

counterstain

A
125
Q

acid-fast stain

A
126
Q

Zehl-Neelsen technique

A
127
Q

Kinyoun technique

A
128
Q

capsule staining

A
129
Q

endospore staining

A
130
Q

flagella staining

A
131
Q

transparency

A
132
Q

opacity

A
133
Q

contrast

A

Microbiology (30 decks)

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