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microbiology y1 > common and important viral diseases > Flashcards

common and important viral diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what is influenza

A

an acute viral infection of the repsiratory tract

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2
Q

what is the incubation period of influenza

A

1-3 days

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3
Q

what are potential complications from influenza

A

LRTI
admisson to hospital
death

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4
Q

what are risk conditions for influenza

A

chronic respiratory system diseases
CV
endocrine
hepatic
renal
neurological/neuromuscular

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5
Q

management of infleunza in risk groups

A

immunisation with inactivated influenza vaccine is important
exposure prophylaxis
empirical treatment pending results of PCR screen

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6
Q

treatment of influenza

A

2 neuraminidase inhibitors - oseltamivir and zanamivir

work on surfaces of viruses
inhibit neuraminidase enzymes from attaching to virus so the infleunza virus cannot detatch itself from the respiraotry tract

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7
Q

what is respiratory syncitial virus

A

major cause of LRTIs in young children and adults
commonest cause of severe respiratory infection in infants
very infectious and spreads with ease

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8
Q

predisposing factors for RSV infection

A
  1. prematurity
  2. low birth weight
  3. congenital cardiopulmonary disease
  4. immunodeficiency
  5. maternal smoking
  6. male sex
  7. day care attendance
  8. overcrowding
  9. lack of breastfeeding
  10. low socio-economic status
  11. admission to hospital during RSV season
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9
Q

what family does RSV belong to

A

paramyoxoviridae

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10
Q

hiRSV transmission

A

small inoculum is necessary to infect
transmitted by respiratory secretions - direct contact, via fomites, and large droplets
has been recovered from environmental surfaces near infected patients for up to 6 hours
entry through contact with nasal mucosa or eyes
incubates for 2-8 days

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11
Q

histopathology of RSV

A

earliest lesion to occur within 24 hours of onset is necrosis of the bronchiolar epithelium with denudation of ciliated epithelial cells
subsequently lymphosytes migrate to affected tissue
submucosa and adventitia become oedematous
increased secretion from mucous producing cells
plugs consisting of mucous, cellular debris, and fibrin strands occlude the smaller bronchioles

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12
Q

clinical symptoms of RSV

A

expiratory wheezing
cough and coryza
air trapping
nasal flaring
subcostal retractions
cyanosis
fever only in 50%

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12
Q

clinical symptoms of RSV

A

expiratory wheezing
cough and coryza
air trapping
nasal flaring
subcostal retractions
cyanosis
fever only in 50%

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13
Q

diagnosis of RSV

A

season, age, clinical manifestations
respiratory viral seasons and symptoms can overlap
lab tests - nasal swabs, nasopharyngeal aspirate, ednotracheal aspirate

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14
Q

recommendations for use of passive RSV vaccine

A

high risk due to bronchopulmonary dysplasia
high risk due to CHD
high risk due to SCID

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15
Q

treatment for RSV infections

A

supportive treatment - healthy children and adults
<1 - hospital, inspired O2 and IV fluids
immunocompromised - ribavirin

16
Q

what are symptoms of coronaviruses

A

sore throat
dry cough
mild diarrhoea in children
rarely develops into pnemonia

17
Q

arial droplets of SARS-CoV-2 transmission

A

incubatoin 2-10 edays
symptoms onset media 4-5 days from exposure
high viral shedding occurs early in disease
prolonged shedding seen
reinfection and asymptomatic cases both possible

18
Q

other forms of transmission of sarscov2

A

hand to mucus membrane contact - viable for 3 days on solids, 1 day on cardboard, and only 3 hours in aerosolised
airborne
foecal-oral

19
Q

symptoms of sarscov2

A

fever/chills
cough
SoB
fatigue
muscle or body aches
headache
loss of taste or smell
sore throat
songestin or runny nose
D and V

20
Q

course of sarscov2

A

week 2: 15-20% develop severe dyspnoea due to viral pneumonia requiring hospitalisation
week 2-3: in hospitalised ultimately 1/3 need ITU care
can rapidly decline from mild hypoxia to frank ARDS

21
Q

comorbididtes and risk factors of SARS

A

age
hypertension
diabetes mellitus
coronary heart disease
cerebrovascular disease
COPD
malignancy
immunosuppresion

22
Q

diagnostic tests for sarscov2

A

nose and throat swab for RT-PCR
endotracheal fluid for RT-PCR
POCT: RT-PCR
LAMP
antigen tests - lateral flow
Anti-N antibody, anti-S antibody

23
Q

treatment for sarscov2

A

no treatment for mild
antiviral thepray - molnupiravir, remdesivir
treat to target

24
Q

what family is HIV

A

retroviridae
genus - lentivirus

25
Q

transmission of HIv

A

blood
semen and vaginal secretions
breast milk
mucous membranes
contaminated needles
IV drug use

26
Q

symptoms of HIV

A

fever
pharyngitis
headache
myalgia
arthralgia
malaise
non-pruritic, maculopauplar rash on face and trunk

27
Q

systemic and organ manifestations of HIV

A

derma: pruritus, seborrheic dermatitis, popular pruritic eruption, eosinophilic folliculitis

CNS: HIV dementia complex

Peripheral NS: distal symmetric polyneuropathy; toxic neuropathy, inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

Respiratory: interstitial pneumonitis, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis

Mouth: xerostomia, aphthous stomatitis

Blood: anaemia, neutropenia, hyperglobulinaemia

28
Q

what is a CD4 count used for

A

measures state of persons immune function

approx. 500-1300

29
Q

how are viroloigcal tests used for HIV

A
  • Serological diagnosis (‘HIV Test’): 4th generation test-combines antibody/antigen detection;
  • HIV RNA virus load after serology:
    • Detects the amount of virus present - high viral loads increase risk for disease progression & HIV transmission
    • Monitors effectiveness of ART - Goal of therapy is an undetectable viral load
    • Used during acute infection to detect virus
    • Measured by HIV-1 RNA RT-PCR
30
Q

5 Cs of testing services

A

consent
confidentialty
counselling pre and post testing
corrrect test results
connection

31
Q

management of HIV

A

no cure
- Effective antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) can control the virus and prevent onward transmission
- If an HIV-positive person adheres to an effective ART, the risk of transmitting the virus to their uninfected sexual partner can be reduced by 96%
- Oral Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of HIV is the daily use of ARVs by HIV-negative people to block the acquisition of HIV;
- Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the use of ARVs within 72 hours of exposure to HIV to prevent infection

32
Q

antiretroviral treatment for HIV

A
  • ARVs are divided into 6 classes, each of which blocks HIV in a different way
    • Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
    • Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
    • Protease inhibitors (PIs)
    • Integrase inhibitors (INSTIs)
    • Fusion inhibitors (FIs)
    • Chemokine receptor antagonists (CCR5 antagonists)
33
Q

what si AIDS

A

development of HIV in the absence of treatment
median time from acquisition of HIV-1 infection to AIDS is approximately 8-10 years
loss of 30-60 CD4+ cells/ul per year in the absence of treatment
primarly chracterised by opportunistic infections

microbiology y1 (7 decks)

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