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RxPrep > Biostatistics > Flashcards

Biostatistics Flashcards

1
Q

Mean is preferred for ____ data that is ____ ____

A

Continuous, normally distributed

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2
Q

Median is preferred for _____ data or _____ that is _____

A

Ordinal, continuous, skewed

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3
Q

Mode is preferred for ____ data

A

Nominal

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4
Q

When the null hypothesis is rejected in error

A

Type I error

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5
Q

Type I error is avoided by…

A

Alpha < 0.05

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6
Q

False positive

A

Type I error

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7
Q

False negative

A

Type II error

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8
Q

Null hypothesis is rejected when it should have been accepted

A

Type II error

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9
Q

Type II error avoided with…

A

Larger sample size

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10
Q

Probability that a test will reject the null hypothesis correctly

A

Power

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11
Q

Ratio of risk in the exposed (treatment) group divided by risk in the control group

A

Relative risk (RR)

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12
Q

Number of subjects in group with an unfavorable event divided by total number of subjects in group

A

Risk

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13
Q

RR = 1

A

No difference

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14
Q

RR < 1

A

Lower risk in treatment group

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15
Q

RR > 1

A

Greater risk in treatment group

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16
Q

How much risk is reduced in treatment group v. control group

A

Relative risk reduction (RRR)

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17
Q

RRR

A

1 - RR

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18
Q

(%risk in control) - (%risk in treatment)

A

Absolute risk reduction (ARR)

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19
Q

1 / (risk in control) - (risk in treatment)

A

NNT

20
Q

For NNT round ___, for NNH round ___

A

Up; down

21
Q

Rate at which an unfavorable event occurs within a short period of time

A

Hazard ratio (HR)

22
Q

OR Formula

A

AD/BC

23
Q

If 1 group with continuous data

A

One-sample t-test

24
Q

If 1 group with categorical/discrete data

A

Chi-square test

25
Q

If 1 group with before/after measures with continuous data

A

Dependent/paired t-test

26
Q

If 1 group with before/after measures with categorical/discrete data

A

Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test

27
Q

If 2 groups with continuous data

A

Independent/unpaired student t-test

28
Q

If 2 groups with categorical/discrete data

A

Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test or Mann-Whitney

29
Q

If 3+ groups with continuous data

A

ANOVA

30
Q

If 3+ groups with categorical/discrete data

A

Kruskal-Wallis test

31
Q

of pts who test positive out of those who actually have the condition

A

Sensitivity

32
Q

of pts who test negative out of those who actually do not have the condition

A

Specificity

33
Q

Includes data for all patients originally allocated to each treatment group even if the patient didn’t complete the trial

A

Intention-to-treat

34
Q

Analysis of subset of trial population who completed the study according to the protocol

A

Per protocol

35
Q

In a forest plot, if the line crosses the center line, this means

A

No statistical significance

36
Q

In a forest plot, if the line is to the left of the center line, this means…

A

Statistically significant benefit

37
Q

In a forest plot, if the line is to the right of the center line, this means…

A

Statistically significant harm

38
Q

Retrospective comparisons of cases (patients with disease) & controls (without disease

A

Case-control

39
Q

Retrospective or prospective comparisons of patients with an exposure to those without

A

Cohort

40
Q

Prospective comparison of patients who were randomly assigned to groups

A

RCT

41
Q

Analyzes results of multiple studies

A

Meta-analysis

42
Q

Change in costs & outcomes when 2 treatment alternatives are compared

A

Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios

43
Q

Used when 2+ interventions have demonstrated equivalence in outcomes & costs of each intervention are being compared

A

Cost-minimization analysis

44
Q

Comparing benefits & costs of an intervention in terms of monetary units

A

Cost-benefit analysis

45
Q

Used to compare clinical effects of 2+ interventions to the respective costs

A

Cost-effectiveness analysis

46
Q

Specialized form of CEA that uses QALYs and DALYs

A

Cost-utility analysis

RxPrep (3 decks)

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