Lesson 13 Grammar Flashcards
Interrogative Pronouns for Persons
Who? Whom?
Subject of verb: qui? or qui est-ce qui?
Object of verb: qui? or qui est-ce que?
Object of preposition: qui?
Qui a vu Jean? or Qui est-ce qui a vu Jean? Who has seen Tohn? Oui avez-vous vu? or Oui est-ce que vous avez vu? Whom did vou see? A qui avez-vous écrit? To whom did vou write? A qui est la montre? To whom is the
watch? or Whose watch is it?
Interrogative Pronouns for Things
What?
Subject of verb: qu’est-ce qui?
Object of verb: que? or qu’est-ce que?
Object of Preposition: quoi
Qu’est-ce qui est arrivé? What happened? Qu’avez-vous vu? or Qu’est-ce que vous avez vu? What did you see? A quoi pensez-vous? What are you thinking about?
Interrogative Pronouns for Persons OR Things
Which? Which one (ones)?
Lequel? (laquelle? lesquels? lesquelles ?) Lequel may be used as subject of a verb, object of a verb, or object of a preposition.
Auquel des deux frères avez-vous écrit? To which of the two brothers did vou write?
Rule a for Verbs with Orthographical Changes
(a) Verbs in -cer and -ger preserve the soft sound of c and g throughout the conjugation: c becomes ç, g becomes ge before a or o.
commencer, to begin: je commence but nous commen-cons, je commençais; manger, to eat: je mange but nous mangeons, je mangeais
Rule b for Verbs with Orthographical Changes
Verbs in unaccented e + a consonant + er usually change the e to è when the consonant is followed by a mute e.
mener, to lead: vous menez but je mêne, je mènerai; geler, to freeze: vous gelez but je gèle, je gelerai; acheter, to buy: vous achetez but j’achète, j’achèterai.
*Note: Most verbs in -eler and -eter double the consonant instead of changing the e to è.
appeler, to call: j’appelle, j’appellerai; jeter, to throw: je jette, je jetterai
Rule c for Verbs with Orthographical Changes
(c) Verbs in é + a consonant + er change the é to è when the consonant is followed by a mule e, except in the future and the conditional.
espérer, to hope: j’espère but j’espérerai
