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Human Physiology - BIO 3322 > Chapter 2 - Cell Structure & Function > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Cell Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the type of bond forming nucleotide polymers?

A

phosphodiester

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2
Q

What is the type of bond forming protein polymers?

A

Peptide

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3
Q

What is the type of bond forming lipid polymers?

A

n/a

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4
Q

What is the type of bond forming carbohydrate polymers?

A

Glycosidic linkage

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5
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

process of adding carbohydrate groups for recognition.

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6
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A

perform most of the cellular tasks, provide structure, and regulate cellular processes

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7
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

serve as structural component of membranes

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8
Q

what is the function of cholesterol?

A

precursor for steroid hormones and membrane component

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9
Q

what is the function of acylglycerol?

A

provides long-term energy storage (can have up to 3 fatty acid tails of differing lengths)

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10
Q

what is the function of waxes?

A

establishes a protective barrier. ex. ear wax.

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11
Q

steroids?

A

4 ringed carbon structures that function as chemical messengers for endocrine system and are important structural components in membrane.

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12
Q

What is the best carbohydrate for energy storage?

A

glycogen

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13
Q

What is the central dogma of genetics?

A

info stored in DNA determines which RNA coding is produced and which protein sequences are generated.

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14
Q

Steps of enzymatic activity?

A
  1. substrate enters active site of enzyme
  2. enzyme binds to substrate and the enzyme’s shape changes slightly (induced fit)
  3. enzyme/products complex forms
  4. products leave the active site of enzyme
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15
Q

What are the 7 protein classes?

A

structural, enzymatic, regulatory, motile, transport, storage, and defensive.

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16
Q

function of structural proteins

A

provides cell or tissue strength
ex. collagen in connective tissue

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17
Q

function of enzymatic proteins

A

catalyzes specific reactions
ex. amylase hydrolyzes starch into shorter carbohydrate chains

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18
Q

function of regulatory proteins

A

chemical messengers
ex. insulin regulating blood glucose by signaling to other cells to increase glucose uptake

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19
Q

function of motile proteins

A

aids cell movement
ex. actin and myosin initiate muscle contraction

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20
Q

function of transport proteins

A

moves substances within/between cells
ex. GLUT1 permits glucose to cross the plasma membrane

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21
Q

function of storage proteins

A

stores nutrients
ex. ovalbumin provides amino acids to developing chick embyryo

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22
Q

function of defensive proteins

A

protects against disease
ex. antibodies tag pathogens for clearance by the immune system

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23
Q

What happens in the mitochondria?

A

the E.T.C. drives ATP synthase inside mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation

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24
Q

What happens in ribosomes?

A

made up of rRNA/proteins; conducts translational processes, large and small subunits assembling around mRNA transcription, and peptide bond formation is catalyzed.

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25
Q

What happens in smooth ER?

A

lipid synthesis, metabolizes carbohydrates, stores calcium for rapid signaling events, and houses detoxifying enzymes to clear drugs and toxins.

26
Q

What happens in nucleolus?

A

rRNA is made and ribosome assembly

27
Q

What happens in golgi apparatus?

A

sorting organelle, package into vesicles, cis cisterna; POST OFFICE OF CELL

28
Q

What happens in centrioles?

A

microtubules are organized to form pathways for protiin trafficking during interphase and the mitotic spindle during mitotic phase.

29
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

glycerol backbone w/ 2 fatty acid tails and phosphate head. amphipathic arrangement

30
Q

What is the function of the cholesterol within membrane?

A

regulates membrane fluidity

31
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

occurs during aerobic respiration when ATP is synthesized by the phosphorylation of ADP

32
Q

Functions of transmembrane proteins:

A

molecular transport, cell adhesion, cell-cell recognition, signal transduction, and enzymatic activity

33
Q

Peripheral Proteins:

A

located at edge of membrane by reversibly interacting with phospholipid’s polar group or permanently embedding into bilayer using a GPI anchor.

34
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

-plasma membrane is 2D fluid
-phospholipids, membrane proteins, and cholesterols are constantly moving to maintain the bilayer
-can freely rotate clockwise/counter and move laterally from side or front to back (CANNOT DO TRANSVERSE MIGRATION)

35
Q

Factors determining membrane fluidity:

A

temp, saturation, and cholesterol

36
Q

How does temperature affect membrane fluidity?

A

if temp increases, then kinetic energy increases, and the movement of the bilayer increases. ex. stick of butter.

37
Q

How does saturation of phospholipid’s fatty acid tails affect membrane fluidity?

A
  • saturated acid = single bond = straight structure = pack in tightly = less movement
  • unsaturated acid = at least 1 double bond = “kinked” structure = more fluidity
38
Q

How do cholesterols affect the membrane fluidity?

A

AT STANDARD TEMPS: increased cholesterol = DECREASED membrane fluidity
AT LOW TEMPS: cholesterol can serve as a spacer
Lipid rafts

39
Q

What is a lipid raft?

A

contain specialized collection of membrane proteins for signaling pathway. Cholesterol levels re increased for more rigidity.

40
Q

Brownian Motion

A

Molecules move randomly in this process

41
Q

Active transport

A

against gradient; if ATP is needed = primary active transport

42
Q

Permeable

A

small, non-polar solutes
ex. oxygen, CO2, steroid hormones

43
Q

Impermeable

A

large, polar solutes
ex. carbohydrates, proteins, charged ions

44
Q

Passive transport

A

Simple diffusion (high to low), osmosis (water, iso, hyper, hypo), and facilitated diffusion (transport proteins)

45
Q

Proteins used in passive transport

A

Channel Protein: serves as a pore to permit a flow of solutes across membrane (no binding site)
Carrier Protein: has binding sites to chaperone a fixed # of solutes across membrane.

46
Q

Types of Carrier Proteins

A

Voltage-gated, Ligand-gated (EC and IC), mechanosensitive

47
Q

What kind of protein is the sodium-potassium pump?

A

Carrier Protein that does active transport. 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in

48
Q

What kind of protein is the proton pump?

A

Channel protein that does active transport

49
Q

Sickle Cell Disease

A

caused by single point mutation that changes glutamic acid for valine within the beta globulin subunit of hemoglobin. Causes protein misfolding

50
Q

Lysosomal Degradation

A

breaks down all four biomolecules using hydrolytic enzymes and acidic environment

51
Q

Proteasomal Degradation

A

breaks down proteins only using proteolysis within the proteasome complex

52
Q

SNARE proteins

A

direct the release of vesicles from the cell until a signal is given. Secretory vesicles have V-SNARES that associate w/ t-SNARES on target membrane

53
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

cell signals back to itself

54
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

occurs between 2 cells in close proximity (tissues)

55
Q

Types of local signaling

A

direct contact and gap junctions (quickest response)

56
Q

Long distance signaling

A

endocrine: signal is received by a distant cel in the body (hormones)

57
Q

Metatropic Receptor Signaling

A

Steps:
1. Ligand binds transmembrane receptor
2. Receptor undergoes conformational change
3. A signaling cascade of effector molecules and second messengers are activated
4. Transcription factors are activated
5. Gene expression is induced

58
Q

Nuclear Receptor Signaling

A

Allows ligand to ENTER cell.
- Hormone enters by simple diffusion
- Binds to nuclear receptor
-Receptor-hormone complex binds to Hormone Response Element and acts as transcription factor in nucleus
- protein is made

59
Q

Ionotropic Receptor Signaling

A

just goes through channel protein

60
Q

2 apoptosis pathways

A
  1. Extrinsic apoptotic pathway
  2. Intrinsic apoptotic pathway

Human Physiology - BIO 3322 (14 decks)

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