Unit 3

Question 1

Each singular muscle fibre is surrounded by a connective tissue which is called?

Answer 1

The Endomycium

Question 2

What is the perimysium?

Answer 2

Layer that covers each fasicle

Question 3

A number of fasicles are held together by ____ to form the muscle?

Answer 3

Epimysuym

Question 4

THE ENTIRE MUSCLE IS COVERED BY ANOTHER
VERY TOUGH CONNECTIVE TISSUE LAYER
THE _____ ALSO CALLED THE DEEP _____

Answer 4

Fascia

Question 5

GROUPS OF MUSCLE FIBRES
ARE ARRANGED IN BUNDLES
CALLED A _____

Answer 5

Fasicle

Question 6

______ ARE THE STRUCTURES
RESPONSIBLE FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION
THEY MAKE UP MOST OF THE VOLUME OF
THE CELL

Answer 6

myofibrils

Question 7

THE CELL IS SURROUNDED BY A CELL MEMBRANE
IN MUSCLE CELLS CALLED THE _____

Answer 7

sarcolemma

Question 8

THE _________ IS VERY DIFFUSE & SURROUNDS
THE __________

Answer 8

sarcoplasmic reticullum
myofibrils

Question 9

MYOFIBRILS ARE MADE OF
PROTEINS CALLED _______

Answer 9

myofilaments

Question 10

_________________ ARE PARTOF THE SARCOLEMMA AND ARE
TUBE LIKE STRUCTURES THAT EXTEND
INTO THE CELL BETWEEN SARCOPLASMIC
RETICULUM & MYOFIBRILS

Answer 10

transverse tubules

Question 11

4 factors that determine the type of movement produced

Answer 11

origin (anchor) + insertion (move when the muscles contract)
the action of other muslces moving
type of joint
muscle tension

Question 12

What are the basic types of movements?

Answer 12

Flexion & Extension
* Abduction & Adduction
* Rotation
* Circumduction
* Elevation & Depression
* Plantar Flexion & Dorsiflexion
* Inversion & Eversion
* Supination & Pronation
* Protraction & Retraction

Question 13

Naming of the muscles criteria

Answer 13

1. DIRECTION OF MUSCLE FIBRES
   (ORIENTATION OF MUSCLES RELATIVE TO THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY)
2. SIZE OF THE MUSCLE
   ( RELATIVE SIZE, IN RELATION TO OTHER MUSCLES)
3. SHAPE OF THE MUSCLE
   (e.g. TRIANGULAR, CIRCULAR, SQUARE, LONG etc.)
4. NUMBER OF ORIGINS
   (HOW MANY POINTS OF ORIGIN ANY SPECIFIC MUSCLE HAS)
5. SPECIFIC LOCATION OF THE MUSCLE
   (OFTEN NAMED AFTER STRUCTURES NEAR TO WHERE A MUSCLE IS FOUND)
6. POINTS OF ORIGIN AND INSERTION
   (SPECIFIC SITES WHERE A MUSCLE ORIGINATES AND INSERTS)
7. ACTION
   (THE PRINCIPAL ACTION / FUNCTION OF THE MUSCLE)

Question 14

Define the origin + insertion of a skeletal muscle

Answer 14

The origin muscle definition is the site where bone and muscle are attached, but do not move during contraction.

If the place is on the bone that moves during the action, the attachment is called an insertion.

Question 15

Describe a reasonably reliable way to determine which end of a straight skeletal muscle would be its origin and. its insertion.

Answer 15

Describe a reasonably reliable way to determine which end of a straight skeletal muscle would be its origin and. its insertion.

Question 16

Distinguish between circumduction and rotation

Answer 16

Circumduction – this is where the limb moves in a circle. This occurs at the shoulder joint during an overarm tennis serve or cricket bowl. Rotation – this is where the limb turns round its long axis, like using a screw driver.

Question 17

Distinguish between lateral (external) rotation and medial (internal) rotation

Answer 17

internal rotation (also known as medial rotation) is rotation towards the centre of the body. External rotation (or lateral rotation) is rotation away from the centre of the body

Question 18

opposition vs reposition

Answer 18

opposition involves touching the pad of any one of your fingers with the thumb of the same hand. Reposition is the reverse, which consists of separating them.

Question 19

protusion vs retrustion

Answer 19

Protrusion involves a movement going straight ahead or forward. Retrusion is the opposite and involves going backwards. Anatomical structures capable of such actions are the tongue, chin (mandible) and lips.

Question 20

what is occlusion movement

Answer 20

Occlusion is defined as the way the teeth meet when the lower jaw (mandible) and upper jaw (maxilla) come together.

Question 21

what is reduction movement?

Answer 21

Moving it back into place

Question 22

Use one sentence to describe the main function served by each in the human body:
a. Skeletal muscle
b. Cardiac muscle
c. Smooth muscle

Answer 22

a. for movement
b. for heart contraction
c. for protection

Question 23

Refer to any relevant structural and/or functional differences to clearly distinguish between:
a. Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
b. Skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
c. Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

Answer 23

a. cardiac is branched
b. skeletal is striatied - smooth muscles have short cells
c. cardiac is branched while smooth is long

Question 24

Sketch and briefly describe in words the (cellular) shape of:
a. A skeletal muscle fiber
b. A cardiac muscle fiber
c. A smooth muscle fiber

Answer 24

Skeletal are long and striated and have multiple nuclei.

Cardiac muscle cells are branched and striated, but short. The cytoplasm may branch, and they have one nucleus in the center of the cell.

Smooth muscle cells are short, tapered at each end, and have only one plump nucleus in each.

Question 25

Describe the arrangement of muscle cells in a skeletal muscle

Answer 25

A single muscle fibre cell contains myofibrils made up of myofilaments and each cell membrane is wrapped by the sarcolemma.
Each muscle fibre is surrounded by the endomycium.
The group of muscle fibres bundled are connected by the fascicle. Each fascicle is surrounded by the perimysium.
The multiple fascicles are held together by connective tissue called the epimysium to create a muscle.
The fascia, epimysium, perimysium and endomysiym will extend beyond and fuse to form the tendon which attaches the muscle to the bone.