Chapter 20 & 21

Question 1

Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that
began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.

Question 2

spinning jenny

Answer 2

A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.

Question 3

water frame

Answer 3

A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and
used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill — a factory.

Question 4

steam engines

Answer 4

A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal
to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James
Watt’s more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769.

Question 5

Rocket

Answer 5

The name given to George Stephenson’s effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the
Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 35 miles per hour.

Question 6

Crystal Palace

Answer 6

The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of
glass and iron.

Question 7

iron law of wages

Answer 7

Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth
prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.

Question 8

tariff protection

Answer 8

A government’s way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods
from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by
imposing high tariffs on some imported products.

Question 9

Factory Acts

Answer 9

English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum
hygiene and safety requirements.

Question 10

separate spheres

Answer 10

A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage
earner.

Question 11

Mines Act of 1842

Answer 11

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.

Question 12

Luddites

Answer 12

Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the
new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.

Question 13

class-consciousness

Answer 13

Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those
of other classes.

Question 14

Combination Acts

Answer 14

British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over
skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by
Parliament in 1824.

Question 15

Congress of Vienna

Answer 15

A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain), restoration France, and
smaller European states to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon’s
France in 1814.

Question 16

Holy Alliance

Answer 16

An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1815 that
became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.

Question 17

Karlsbad Decrees

Answer 17

Issued in 1819, these repressive regulations were designed to uphold Metternich’s conservatism,
requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.

Question 18

liberalism

Answer 18

The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative
government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press,
freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.

Question 19

laissez faire

Answer 19

A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government
interference in the economy.

Question 20

nationalism

Answer 20

The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a
common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state.

Question 21

socialism

Answer 21

A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society, and a
move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater
social equality, and state regulation of property.

Question 22

Marxism

Answer 22

An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for
a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Question 23

bourgeoisie

Answer 23

The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Marx, exploited the
working-class proletariat.

Question 24

proletariat

Answer 24

The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking
bourgeoisie.

Question 25

Romanticism

Answer 25

An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against
classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained
imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.

Question 26

Corn Laws

Answer 26

British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the
importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the
aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.

Question 27

Battle of Peterloo

Answer 27

The army’s violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter’s Fields in Manchester in
reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.

Question 28

Reform Bill of 1832

Answer 28

A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave
political representation to new industrial areas.

Question 29

Great Famine

Answer 29

The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown
dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.

Question 30

Greater Germany

Answer 30

A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian
Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.