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RET1293 > Ch. 8 - Radiologic Examination of the Chest > Flashcards

Ch. 8 - Radiologic Examination of the Chest Flashcards

1
Q

Clinically, x-rays are produced by an electronic device called __________.

A

X-ray tube

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2
Q

The ability of the x-rays to penetrate matter depends on what?

A

The density of the matter

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3
Q

A ventilation-perfusion lung scan can be used in determining the present of a ____________.

A

Pulmonary embolism

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4
Q

A radiodensity caused by fluid, tumor, inflammation, or scarring.

A

Pleural density

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5
Q

A large, thin-walled radiolucent area surrounded by normal lung tissue.

A

Bullae

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6
Q

A lesion in the lung that is 6 cm or more in diameter; commonly used to describe a pulmonary tumor.

A

Pulmonary mass

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7
Q

A density causes by interstitial thickening.

A

Interstitial density

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8
Q

A superficial air cyst protruding into the pleura; also called bullae.

A

Bleb

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9
Q

Any poorly defined radiodensity (white area); commonly used to describe an inflammatory lesion.

A

Infiltrate

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10
Q

A lesion in the lung that is less than 6 cm in diameter and composed of dense tissue; also called a solitary pulmonary nodule or coin lesion because its rounded, coinlike appearance

A

Pulmonary nodule

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11
Q

Any pathologic or traumatic alteration of tissue or loss of function of a part.

A

Lesion

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12
Q

A coarse reticular (netlike) density commonly seen in pneumoconiosis

A

Honeycombing

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13
Q

The act of becoming solid; commonly used to describe the solidification of the lung caused by a pathologic engorgement of the alveoli, as occurs in acute pneumonia.

A

Consolidation

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14
Q

A thin-walled radiolucent area surrounded by normal lung tissue

A

Air cyst

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15
Q

Permitting the passage of light (or in this cause, x-rays); commonly used to describe darker areas of the radiograph

A

Translucent (translucency)

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16
Q

Dense areas that appear white on the radiograph; the opposite of translucency.

A

Radiodensity

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17
Q

Refers to an uniformly dense lesion (white area); commonly used to describe solid tumors, fluid-containing cavities, or fluid in the pleural space

A

Homogenous density

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18
Q

A radiolucent (dark) area surrounded by dense tissue (white).

A

Cavity

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19
Q

A ____________ is the hallmark of a lung abscess.

A

Cavity

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20
Q

The absence of tissue marking may suggest:

A
  • Pneumothorax
  • Recent pneumonectomy
  • Chronic obstructive lung disease (E.g emphysema) or may be the result of an overexposed graph
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21
Q

What does blunting of the costophrenic angle suggest?

A

Presence of fluid

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22
Q

Where is a stomach air bubble commonly seen?

A

Under the left hemidiaphragm

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23
Q

An outline of air-containing bronchi beyond the normal point of viability.

A

Bronchogram

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24
Q

State of being opaque (white); an opaque area or spot; impervious to light rays or by extension, x-rays; opposite of translucent or radiolucent

A

Opacity

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25
Q

A standard radiograph includes what two views?

A
  • Posteroanterior radiograph
  • Lateral radiograph (either right or left lateral)
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26
Q

How is the standard PA chest radiograph obtained?

A

By having the patient stand or sit in the upright position.

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27
Q

MRI is superior to CT in identifying:

A
  • Congenital heart disorders
  • Bone marrow diseases
  • Adenopathy
  • Lesions on the chest wall
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28
Q

What is the diameter of the average pulmonary capillary?

A

Approximately 8-10 µm

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29
Q

Normally, the left hilum is _____ higher than the right.

A

2 cm

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30
Q

On the PA projection, the ratio of the width of the heart to the thorax is normally less than _____.

A

1:2

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31
Q

What standard position is useful in the diagnosis of a suspected or known fluid accumulation in the pleural space?

A

Lateral decubitus

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32
Q

Normally, the right diaphragm is about 2 cm higher than left because of what?

A

The liver below it

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33
Q

At full inspiration, the diaphragmatic domes should be at the level of the _____________ posteriorly.

A

ninth to eleventh

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34
Q

An increased density of the hilar region may indicate engorgement of hilar vessels caused by what?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

35
Q

What does vertical displacement of the hilum suggest?

A

Volume loss from one or more upper lobes of the lung on the affected side

36
Q

An excessive amount of tissue markings may indicate:

A
  • Fibrosis
  • Interstitial or alveolar edema
  • Lung compression
  • Underexposed radiograph
37
Q

Abnormal lung tissue markings are called __________.

A

Infiltrates

38
Q

What can flatten and depress the normal curvature of the diaphragm?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and diseases that cause gas or fluid to accumulate in the pleural space

39
Q

Abnormal elevation of one diaphragm may result from:

A
  • Excessive gas in the stomach
  • Collapse of the middle or lower lobe on affected side
  • Pulmonary infection at lung bases
  • Phrenic nerve damage
  • Spinal curvature
40
Q

Intercostal spaces that are too close together suggests:

A

Loss of muscle tone, commonly seen in patients with paralysis involving one side of the chest

41
Q

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the intercostal spaces are generally far apart because of what?

A

Alveolar hyperinflation

42
Q

_________ displays blood flow measurements graphically, in terms of distance traveled per unit of time.

A

Spectral doppler

43
Q

Up to how many images can be generated on a chest CT scan?

A

250 images, about 1 mm apart

44
Q

________________ shows the metabolic activity of the tissue and organs scanned and the anatomic structures themselves.

A

Positron Emission Topography (PET scan)

45
Q

______________is performed before and after the patient’s heart is stressed by either exercise or injection of an agent that stimulates the heart to beat faster and harder.

A

Stress echocardiogram

46
Q

A right lateral decubitus radiograph mean the patient’s right side is _____.
Up or down?

A

Down

47
Q

Free air may appear under either diaphragm after ____________.

A

Abdominal surgery or in patients with peritoneal abscess

48
Q

The X-ray is a vacuum-sealed glass tube that contains a ________________.

A

Cathode and a rotating anode

49
Q

If a patient is too ill or immobilized, what standard position would you use to obtain an X-ray?

A

AP radiograph

50
Q

What is the distance between the x-ray tube and film?

A

6 ft

51
Q

For a lateral radiograph, if neither lung is of particular interest, a ______________ is usually selected to reduce the magnification of the heart.

A

Left lateral radiograph

52
Q

_______ + ________ = three-dimensional view of the cardiac and pulmonary structures.

A

Lateral radiograph and PA radiograph

53
Q

Which standard poison is obtained by having the patient lie on the left or right side rather than standing or sitting in the upright position?

A

Lateral decubitus radiograph

54
Q

How would you verify proper position of a chest radiograph?

A

Check relationship of medial ends of the clavicles to the vertebral column

55
Q

Two bulges should be seen on the right border of the heart. What is the upper and lower bulge?

A

Upper - Superior vena cava
Lower - Right atrium

56
Q

Three bulges should be seen on the left border of the heart. What are they?

A

Superior bulge - aorta
Middle - Main pulmonary artery
Inferior - Left ventricle

57
Q

In infectious lung disorders such as histoplasmosis or TB, the lymph nodes around the hilar region are often what?

A

Enlarged, calcified, or both

58
Q

What may flatten or depress the normal curvature of the diaphragm?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders (E.g emphysema), and diseases that cause gas or fluid to accumulate in the pleural space

59
Q

If a rib fracture is suspected but not seen on the standard radiograph, what may be necessary?

A

Rib series (chest radiograph that focuses on the ribs)

60
Q

Large breast can carry a significant amount of haziness over the lower lung fields, giving the false appearance of ________________.

A

Pneumonia or pulmonary congestion

61
Q

The resolution of a CT scan can adjusted to primarily view bone and mediastinal structures - commonly called a ____________.

A

Mediastinal window CT scan

62
Q

________________ is useful in determining the precise location, size and shape of a lesion.

A

CT scan

63
Q

What is an excellent diagnostic tool for the early detection of malignant lesions?

A

PET scans

64
Q

Before undergoing a PET scan, the patient is injected intravenously with a solution of ______________ that has been targeted with a radioactive chemical isotope.

A

Glucose

65
Q

The presence of a hot spot is likely to confirm ____________.

A

Rapidly growing tumor

66
Q

How long can a PET scan take to complete?

A

90 minutes

67
Q

What are some benefits of PET/CT?

A
  • Earlier diagnosis
  • Accurate staging and localization
  • Precise treatment and monitoring
68
Q

__________ is useful in identifying pulmonary emboli or arteriovenous malformations.

A

Pulmonary angiography

69
Q

In ventilation-perfusion lung scans, the macroaggregates eventually break down, pass through pulmonary circulation and are excreted by what?

A

The liver

70
Q

Ventilation-perfusion scan is obtained by injecting small particles of ________ called macroaggregates, tagged with radioactive material such as iodine-131 or technetium-99m.

A

Albumin

71
Q

In addition to pulmonary emboli, a perfusion scan defect (white or light areas) may be caused by:

A
  • Lung abscess
  • Lung compression
  • Loss of the pulmonary vascular system
  • Alveolar consolidation
  • Atelectasis
72
Q

___________________ is a technique by which x-ray motion pictures of the chest are taken.

A

Fluoroscopy

73
Q

___________________ entails the installation of a radiopaque material into the lumen of the tracheaobronchial tree.

A

Bronchography

74
Q

A quick, noninvasive diagnostic examination that produces images of organs and structures inside the body.

A

Ultrasound imaging, also called * ultrasound imaging* or sonography

75
Q

Fluid caused by inflammatory or cancerous conditions

A

Exudate

76
Q

Caused by fluid that has leaked from blood or lymph vessels.

A

Transudate

77
Q

A type of ultrasound that produces images of the heart.

A

Echocardiogram

78
Q

Provides a non-invasive highly accurate and quick examination of the heart. Transducer is placed on the patient’s chest while ultrasound waves create images of the heart.

A

Transthoracic echocardiogram

79
Q

What Is the most common echocardiogram method?

A

Transthoracic echocardiogram

80
Q

A special ultrasound method used to examine both the direction and velocity of blood flow through the heart chambers, heart valves, and great vessels.

A

Doppler echocardiogram

81
Q

Determination of blood flow is done with what echocardiogram?

A

color Doppler and spectral Doppler

82
Q

Commonly used when quality of transthoracic echocardiogram is poor.

A

Transesophageal echocardiogram

83
Q

Method that uses an array of ultrasound probes to create detailed images to assess cardiac pathology, valvular defects and cardiomyopathies.

A

Three-dimensional echocardiography

RET1293 (10 decks)

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