Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHAR124 > Solutions > Flashcards

Solutions Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: suspensions are a heterogenous mixture

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a pharmaceutical solution?

A

a chemically and physically homogenous liquid preparations of two of more substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between a solute and solvent?

A

solute: the substance that dissolves
solvent: substance in which the solute is dissolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the universal solvent?

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Aside from water, what are other solvents used in pharmacy?

A

alcohol (diluted alcohol, dehydrated alcohol, rubbing alcohol)
isopropyl alcohol
glycerin
propylene glycol
polyethylene glycol 400

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the strength of polyethylene glycol you would use for a solution?

A

400
-anything higher will turn the product into a solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When you hear “alcohol” in pharmacy, what is this referring to?

A

ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are examples of solvents used pharmaceutically in processing drug products, for assays and tests or for making specialty products?

A

acetone
ether
chloroform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or false: oils can be used as pharmaceutical solvent-vehicles

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are a few examples of dosage forms utilizing solutions?

A

injectables
pediatric formulations
ophthalmic preparations
ear drops
some lotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are advantages of pharmaceutical solutions?

A

can be intended for multiple routes of administration
drug available for absorption
flexible dosing
no shaking of solutions needed (complete dissolution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are disadvantages of pharmaceutical solutions?

A

drug stability may be compromised
technical accuracy or delivery devices needed for dose accuracy
solubility properties of drug must be matched with excipients
bulky storage and transportation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the difference between solubility and dissolution?

A

solubility: quantity of solute that will dissolve in a specified quantity of solvent
-the extent to which a solute dissolves
dissolution: the transfer of molecules and ions from a solid phase into a solution
-process by which a drug particle dissolves
SOLUBILITY IS A PROPERTY, DISSOLUTION IS A PHENOMENON/PROCESS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is involved in the phenomenon of dissolution?

A

removal of a molecule of a drug from the solid state
formation of a cavity within the solvent
accommodation of the drug molecule into the formed cavity
breakage of solute-solute bonds and solvent-solvent bonds and the formation of a bond between solute and solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the general rule in regards to solubility and dissolution?

A

the more soluble the drug, the faster the dissolution into the solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are ways to enhance dissolution?

A

triturating to reduce particle size and decrease the solution time
sometimes heat can enhance dissolution
sometimes vigorous shaking or stirring is required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

USP defines solubility as the # of mls of solvent in which 1g will dissolve, what does this tell us about solubility when ml is high or low?

A

high ml (volume): low solubility
low ml (volume): high solubility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the factors affecting solubility?

A

molecular weight, volume
presence of functional groups
acids or bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

An aqueous solution has a ____ boiling point and a ____ freezing point than does pure water.

A

higher boiling point
lower freezing point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens to boiling point and melting point when the amount of solute increases?

A

boiling point increases
melting point decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

True or false: increasing temperature decreases solubility of solids

A

false
increasing temperature increases solubility of solids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the types of solutions?

A

gases in liquids
liquids in liquids
solids in liquids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens to the solubility of gas in liquid when pressure increases?

A

solubility of gas increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to the solubility of gas in liquid when temperature increases?

A

solubility of gas decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What determines the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid?

A

pressure
temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is miscibility?

A

expresses the mutual solubility of components in a liquid-liquid system (mixes without seperating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the types of liquid pairs?

A

soluble in all proportions
-ex: alcohol and water or glycerin and water
soluble in definite proportions
-ex: phenol and water, mutual solubility is influenced by temperature
-when temperature increases, miscibility is altered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the factors affecting solubility of solids in liquids?

A

temperature
pharmaceutical solvents
mixed solvents
complexation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Explain what happens if a drug is endothermic.

A

solubility increases with increased temperature
positive heat of solution
the solution process requires the input of energy, or heat is absorbed when the solute is dissolving (e.g. syrup)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Explain what happens if a drug is exothermic.

A

solubility decreases with increased temperature
negative heat of solution
in the solution process heat is given off when the solute is dissolving (e.g. NaOH dissolving in water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Explain what happens if a drug is normothermic.

A

heat is neither absorbed nor given off during the solution process (e.g. KCl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

True or false: solubility does not depend on temperature

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the two types of pharmaceutical solvents?

A

polar
non-polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is polarity?

A

separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment, with a positively charged end and negatively charged end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are some examples of substances with small or no dipolar characteristics?

A

fixed oils
hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the uses of substances with small or no dipolar characteristics?

A

vehicle for injections
external preparations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is potable water?

A

water that is fit to drink
found in rivers, lakes, wells, and springs
dissolves material from natural contacts and contains salts of:
-Ca, Mg, Fe, K, Na
-organic matter
-atmospheric gases
-suspended materials (clay, sand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How do you render potable water?

A

removal of insoluble matter by settling and filtration
destruction of pathogenic organisms by chlorination
on a small scale:
-boiling for 15-20 minutes and treating with a chlorinating
agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the percentage of solids in potable water?

A

<0.1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Why does tap water not meet the standards in dosage forms?

A

can result in chemical incompatibilities
-precipitate
-discoloration
-effervescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

True or false: sterile preparations for multi-dose need a preservative agent

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are other “forms” of water used in preparations?

A

purified water-dilution for non-sterile preparations
water for injection-sterile preparations
sterilized water
bacteriostatic water for injection-multi dose sterile preparations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are examples of semi-polar solvents used as the primary solvent for many organic compounds?

A

alcohol
isopropyl alcohol
glycerin
propylene glycol
polyethylene glycol 400

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the most common solvent?

A

alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is an elixir?

A

alcohol + water=hydro alcoholic solution
-dissolves both alcohol and water-soluble components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the advantages of semi-polar solvents?

A

better solubility for many compounds
can be used as co-solvent
better stability for the drug
-decreased hydrolysis
-decreased bacterial growth
miscible with a wide range of solvents
-caster oil
-water
-other semi-polar solvents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the limits for alcohol in OTC products?

A

children <6: <0.5%
children 6-12: <5%
adults: <10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the different types of alcohol?

A

denatured: has additives (ketones or kerosene) to render it
more poisonous and unfit for internal use
absolute (100%): 99.5% ethanol, essentially water-free
diluted: diluting alcohol with an equal volume of purified water
-alcohol concentration of 49%
-useful as hydro alcoholic solvent in preparations
rubbing alcohol: 70% by volume, antiseptic, external use only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are miscible solvents?

A

a solute may be more soluble in a mixture of solvents than in one solvent=co-solvent effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What should be done when there are two or more solvents and two or more solutes in a formulation?

A

Each solute should be dissolved in the solvent in which it is most soluble before mixing with other liquids in the preparation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are complexes?

A

Loose molecular associations that can either increase or decrease solubility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is an example of a complex?

A

Tetracycline: complexes with calcium in milk to form an insoluble complex that decreases the drugs dissolution and absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is an important counselling with point tetracycline?

A

Avoid milk or dairy within 2 hours of taking tetracycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Calcium and iron should be avoided with what?

A

Certain antibiotics (demeclocycline,tetracycline, ciprofluxacin,norfloxacin)
Certain medications for osteoporosis (risedronate)
Thyroid medication (levothyroxine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

When stirring a solution, how can you improve solubility?

A

Stirring
elevated temperature
Reduction of particle size
salt form rather than base form
Sometimes: mixed solvent system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are the many ways to express drug concentration in a solution?

A

Molarity (M): mol/L
Molality (m): mol/kg
Osmolarity (osmol): osmol/L (# of moles contributing to osmotic pressure of the solution)
Units of potency/unit volume (IU): IU/L
Weight/unit volume: g/L, mg/ml
Percentage strength: w/v, v/v, w/w, mg%,ug%
Parts per million: ppm

57
Q

Solutions for oral administration often stained additives, why?

A

Storage stability,enhance solubility, taste

58
Q

What are convenient volumes of solution per close?

A

drops
5ml (1 tsp)
10ml (2tsp)
15ml (1tbsp)

59
Q

What are requirements in the preparation of clan solutions?

A

Physical stability
Chemical stability
Microbiological stability
Palatability
Pleasing appearance

60
Q

What are characteristics of stability that can be seen or felt?

A

No discoloration/cloudiness
no precipitation
no loss of elegance
no loss of taste

61
Q

When controlling chemical stability of solutions, what are some properties that must be controlled for?

A

pH (use of buffers)
Hydrolysis and oxidation
-hydrolysis controlled by using non-aqueous solvents
-oxidation controlled by antioxidants

62
Q

How is microbial stability controlled in solutions?

A

Solvents with preservative action (ex: >20% glycerin, alcohol)

63
Q

How is palatability controlled in solutions?

A

Sweeteners: sucrose, sorbitol
Flavours

64
Q

How do we improve appearance of solutions?

A

Add colours or viscosity inducing agents

65
Q

What are characteristics of ideal additives?

A

Inactive and non-toxic
Potent, therefore can be used in low concentrations
No unpleasant odouor flavour
Compatible with drug and other excipients
Stable to changes ph or light exposure and heat
Soluble in the vehicle/solvent

66
Q

What are the additives for oral solutions?

A

Flavouring agents
Sweeteners
Colouring agents
Antimicrobial preservatives
Antioxidants
Buffers
Viscosity-inducing agents
Surface active agents

67
Q

What are the four primary tastes?

A

Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salty

68
Q

Which molecules are required for the sensation of each taste?

A

Sweet: low molecular weight poly-hydroxyl ‘ compounds (sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol)
Sour: result of H+ ions
Bitter: high molecular weight salts, free bases, nitrogen containing compounds
Salty: low molecular weight salts and ionic compounds

69
Q

How does physiological flavouring technique work?

A

Anesthetize the taste buds/receptors
ex: menthol, mint flavours, carbonated beverages, ice cube on tongue

70
Q

How does the physical flavouring technique work?

A

Prevent dissolution of drug (prevent it from coming in contact with taste buds)
-use of viscous fluids
- formulate an emulsion
-coating tablets

71
Q

How does the overshadowing flavouring technique work?

A

Addition of a flavour whose intensity is longer and stronger than the taste of the drug

72
Q

How does the blending flavouring technique work?

A

Add flavours which compliment the taste and modify the flavour perception
-sour taste: blended with fruit flavours
-bitter taste: adding salty, sweet and sour flavour

73
Q

What are other flavouring factors, beside taste?

A

aroma (strong determinant of taste perception)
texture
viscosity of syrups (less viscous: perception of watered down, too viscous: slimy, gooey)

74
Q

What are the two categories of sweeteners?

A

natural sweeteners (sugars and polyols)
artificial sweeteners

75
Q

What are the desired properties of sweeteners?

A

colourless
odourless
solubility in water at the concentration needed for sweetening
pleasant tasting
no aftertaste
stable over a wide pH range

76
Q

Describe sucrose as a sweetener.

A

sucrose (cane sugar, beet sugar)
-disaccharide (glucose, fructose)
-385 calories/100g (4cal/g)
-standard for sweeteners (other sweeteners are compared to
sucrose)

77
Q

What are the concerns of using sucrose as a sweetener?

A

high water solubility, but may reduce water solubility of other solutes
may pose a problem for diabetics
has a tendency to crystallize on the threads of bottle caps
inversion & caramelization

78
Q

Describe lactose as a sweetener.

A

lactose (milk sugar)
-disaccharide (galactose, glucose)
-less sweet than sucrose (usually used as an inert filler rather
than as a sweetener)
-many people are lactose intolerant

79
Q

Describe dextrose as a sweetener.

A

dextrose (glucose, corn syrup)
-monosaccharide
-less sweet than sucrose
-generally not used in oral products but sometimes as IV

80
Q

What are examples of artificial polyols?

A

glycerine
propylene glycol
-they are liquids primarily used as co-solvents but also
contribute to the sweetness of the product
-less sweet than sucrose
-fewer calories than sucrose

81
Q

What are examples of natural polyols? Describe them.

A

sorbitol
-2.6cal/g, more slowly absorbed
-less sweet than sucrose (0.6x sucrose)
-can cause gas/flatulence
mannitol
-half the caloric value of sucrose
-less sweet than sucrose (0.5x sucrose)
-high intake has laxative effects
xylitol
-equal sweetness to sucrose but absorbed more slowly
-negligible affect on blood sugar
-more expensive than sucrose

82
Q

True or false: artificial sweeteners have caloric value

A

false

83
Q

What are all the artificial sweeteners?

A

saccharin
cyclamate
aspartame
sucralose
stevia

84
Q

Describe saccharin as an artificial sweetener.

A

300 times sweeter than sucrose
often used as its sodium salt because of its better water solubility
bitter, metallic after taste
controversy over safety

85
Q

Describe cyclamate as an artificial sweetener.

A

30 times sweeter than sucrose
objectionable taste when used alone, synergizes other sweeteners
used as either sodium or calcium salt
controversy and concern over safety (Canada: drugs only, not food)

86
Q

Describe aspartame as an artificial sweetener.

A

non-carbohydrate nutritive sweetener
dipeptide (1 aspartic acid + 1 phenylalanine)
180 times sweeter than sucrose
4cal/g

87
Q

What are adverse reactions that aspartame can cause?

A

seizures
headache

88
Q

When would it not be acceptable to use aspartame as a sugar subsititute?

A

when high temperature will be used in processing
-aspartame degrades into diketopiperazone at high temp

89
Q

What is a medical condition where you should not be given aspartame?

A

phenylketonuria (inborn error of metabolism)
-must restrict phenylalanine intake
-accumulation of phenylalanine can cause brain damage,
seizures, severe mental retardation

90
Q

Describe sucralose as an artificial sweetener.

A

600 times sweeter than sucrose
not metabolized
no bitter after taste, tastes like sugar

91
Q

Describe stevia as an artificial sweetener.

A

200 times sweeter than sucrose
some aftertaste
1cal/g in blends with dextrose
drug interactions: lithium, diabetes, antihypertensives

92
Q

Why do we use colourants in solutions?

A

elegance
attractiveness
sensory adjunct to flavour (enhances acceptance)

93
Q

True or false: colourants are required in every solution preparation

A

false

94
Q

What is visual distraction? When does it not work?

A

means of enhancing palatability by giving a bitter substance a nice colour
wont work for:
-kids that havent developped color/aroma/taste correlation
-multiple doses are required

95
Q

What are the classes of natural colouring agents? Name examples in each class.

A

mineral pigments (yellow ferric oxide, white titanium oxide, red ferric oxide and carbon black)
plant pigments (green chlorophyll, orange B carotene, yellow saffron)
animal pigments (purple murex)

96
Q

Which formulations use mineral pigments?

A

lotions
cosmetics
other external preparations

97
Q

Colours used in foods, drugs, and cosmetics must be certified for use, who certifies this?

A

FD&C (safest)
D&C (not food)
external D&C (not allowed in lip products)

98
Q

When are colourants never added to solutions?

A

ophthalmic solutions

99
Q

What are some problems with synthetic colouring agents?

A

carcinogenicity probability
hypersensitivity
hyperactivity
dyes may be affected by changes in pH
may be liable to oxidation or reduction rxns
many are salts of sulfonic acids and may be incompatible with large cationic compounds such as alkaloids

100
Q

What is the concentration of colouring agents used?

A

0.0005-0.001%

101
Q

It can be difficult to maintain consistent measurements of such small amounts of dye while making the same preparation multiple times, what can be done?

A

make a dilutewd stock solution of the dye to consistently measure reasonable quantity like 1ml

102
Q

When are antimicrobial preservatives added?

A

non-sterile dosage forms
-prevent microbial growth
-protect from organisms inadvertently added during
manufacturing

103
Q

When do you not add preservative to solutions?

A

formulation is used immediately
no water is present
pH is <3 or >9 (organisms grow at 3-9)
other ingredients are antimicrobial (alcohol or sugar)
large volume parenteral

104
Q

When are preservatives contraindicated?

A

neonates
ophthalmics intended for use in eye surgery
parenterals with volume >30ml

105
Q

What are alternative strategies when preservatives are needed but contraindicated?

A

prepare single doses
prepare a limited quantity that will be used in a short period of time
store under refrigeration and label with BUD

106
Q

What are the requirements of a preservative?

A

broad spectrum
reduce microbial pop significantly + prevent growth

107
Q

How do antioxidants work?

A

provide electrons and easily available hydrogen atoms to the damaging free radicals thereby stopping propagation
-protects drug from oxidation

108
Q

What are examples of antioxidants?

A

aqueous system: ascorbic acid, Na sulfite & bisulfite
oil systems: BHA, alpha-tocopherol

109
Q

What is the job of buffers in solution?

A

control pH and therefore stability
contains a weak acid and its conjugate base

110
Q

Which formulations require buffers?

A

formulations applied to sensitive membranes of eye or nasal passages or injected into muscles, blood, organs, tissues, or lesions

111
Q

What is the role of viscosity-inducing agents in solutions?

A

used to change the consistency of a preparation to render it more resistant to flow
easier to pour
improves appearance and palatability

112
Q

When are viscoscity inducing agents essential?

A

topical solutions
-acheives smoothness and consistency
-ease in applying
-remains in contact with affected area

113
Q

How does viscosity affect dissolution?

A

higher viscosity=lower dissolution

114
Q

What is the solution to viscosity lowering dissolution?

A

add viscosity inducer after dissolving the drug

115
Q

What is the role of surface active agents in solutions?

A

modulate solubility of ingredients to improve stability and sometimes bioavailability
contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

116
Q

What is an example of a surface active agent?

A

sodium lauryl sulfate

117
Q

What are syrups?

A

concentrated, viscous, sweetened aqueous solutions that may contain less than 10% alcohol
concentrated or nearly concentrated saturated solution of sugar (usually sucrose) or sugar substitute in water
-with or without flavouring agents
-with or without medicinal substances

118
Q

What are sugars other than sucrose that can be used to prepare syrups?

A

non-sugar polyols (sorbitol, glycerin, propylene glycol, mannitol)
non-nutritive artificial sweeteners (aspartame, saccharin)

119
Q

When must antimicrobial preservatives be added to syrups?

A

sucrose content of syrup is <80%

120
Q

What are flavouring syrups?

A

flavouring vehicles
they are vehicles only and do not contain drug
used in compounding

121
Q

What is always added to syrups?

A

colorant to enhance appeal of the syrup
-most correlated with flavour, NOT ALWAYS

122
Q

What must be determined before using a flavored syrup?

A

determine if its acidic, basic, or neutral and whether this will cause a problem with the stability of the added medicinal agent

123
Q

Describe simple syrup.

A

saturated solution of sucrose in water
85% w/v or 65% w/w
sucrose 850g + purified water qs ad 1000ml
fully saturated and self-preservative
if diluted, it will support mold and other microbial growth

124
Q

How do we correctly compound when dealing with syrups?

A

drug is dissolved in water or another solvent before mixing with the syrup vehicle
-prevents precipitation

125
Q

What are aromatic waters?

A

clear, saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils or another aromatic substances
-peppermint water, stronger rose water
used as flavouring or perfuming solutions

126
Q

How is aromatic water made?

A

volatile oil + 15g of talc +1000ml of purified water
thoroughly agitate for 30 minutes
filtration is performed

127
Q

What is the role of talc in compounding an aromatic water?

A

distribution agent
-increases surface area of the volatile substance that is
exposed to water and to facilitate the saturation of the
solution with oil
filter aid
-remove excess volatile agent

128
Q

What are the solvents used in non-aqueous solutions?

A

solvents other than water, either alone or in addition to water
internal use: glycerin, alcohol, propylene glycole

129
Q

What are examples of non-aqueous solutions?

A

elixirs
spirits
tinctures (most for natural products and herbal supplements)

130
Q

What are elixirs?

A

clear, sweetened hydro alcoholic solution for oral use

131
Q

What is the range of sugar in elixirs?

A

3-44%
MOSTLY BETWEEN 5-10%

132
Q

When must you add preservative to elixirs?

A

if there is less than 10-12% alcohol

133
Q

Compare elixirs to syrups based on sweetness, viscosity, masking bitter taste of drug, maintaining water and alcohol soluble components, stability, storage

A

less sweet
less viscous
less effective in masking drug taste
more able to maintain water and alcohol soluble components
more long-term stability
more strict storage conditions due to alcohol

134
Q

Describe spirits.

A

alcoholic or hydro alcoholic solutions of volatile substances
alcohol content range: 62-85%
used as flavouring agents in small quantities
maintain a greater concentration of volatile oils than aromatic water

135
Q

Describe tinctures.

A

alcoholic or hydro alcoholic solutions of non-volatile substances prepared from vegetable or chemical substances
alcohol content: 15-80%
must not be exposed to high temperature
oil content up to 50%

136
Q

Why are tinctures no longer prescribed?

A

high alcoholic content

137
Q

True or false: tinctures can be mixed successfully with liquids

A

false
cannot be mixed successfully with liquids too diverse in solvent character without inducing precipitation of the solute

138
Q

What are the advantages of reconstituted solutions?

A

extended shelf-life
reconstituted as a solution by adding solvent before dispensing
once reconstituted, shelf-life of 7-14 days

PHAR124 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions