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AQA A-Level Physical Geography > 🏖️Case Study - Odisha ICZM > Flashcards

🏖️Case Study - Odisha ICZM Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ICZM?

A

A continuous and repeated process designed to promote sustainable management of coastal zones

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2
Q

What objectives do ICZMs bring together?

A

Different objectives for coastal areas so multiple social, economic, cultural and environmental goals can be achieved

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3
Q

Why did an ICZM work in Odisha?

A

Because a large area needed protection

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4
Q

Where is Odisha?

A

The East coast of India

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5
Q

Why is sustainability so important for Odisha?

A

India is a developing country where carrying out work in an economical way to reach as many goals as possible is more sustainable

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6
Q

Why are the local community stakeholders?

A

The live and work in the area, so any decisions made higher up will likely affect them and their livelihoods

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7
Q

Why are ecologists and wildlife specialists stakeholders?

A

Wildlife and the environment may be damaged so care must be taken to ensure that as little damage as possible is done

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8
Q

Why are local government officials stakeholders?

A

The ICZM will be carried out on state owned land, and could be partially or entirely funded by the government

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9
Q

Why is the Odisha Tourism Development Corporation a stakeholder?

A

Tourism is a crucial industry in the area so any negative impact would have huge social and economic repurcussions

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10
Q

Why is the Odisha State Pollution Control Board a stakeholder?

A

Any pollution caused by the ICZM could be controlled to reduce pollution in the air and water

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11
Q

Why were the fishing community stakeholders?

A

Many people rely on the sea for their source of income, so fishing communities were consulted on the effects the ICZM may have on their business

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12
Q

How big was the area of mangroves was planted in Odisha?

A

1435km2

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13
Q

Which organisations were involved?

A

State government
World Bank
Ministry of environment, forest and climate change

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14
Q

Why were mangroves necessary?

A

Mangroves provide habitats for endangered species such as the Olive Ridley turtle, as well as protecting the coast from erosion

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15
Q

When was the ICZM pilot project?

A

2010 - 2015

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16
Q

What are the benefits of planting mangroves?

A

Wind and swell waves reduced
Flooding impacts of storm surges reduced
Tsunami heights reduced
Roots bind and build soils
Cheap to plant

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17
Q

What is resilience?

A

The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties

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18
Q

What is adaption?

A

The process of change by which something becomes better suited to its environment

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19
Q

What is mitigation?

A

Reducing the severity of something

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20
Q

What are the landforms around Odisha like?

A

Many recent depositional landforms

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21
Q

What is the coastline made up of?

A

6 deltas, ‘hexadeltic region’

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22
Q

What is the Chilika lake like?

A

A salty lagoon, renowned for birdlife but less saline in monsoon season when diluted by rainfall

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23
Q

Where does the sediment around Odisha come from?

A

The six deltas, sediment is fluvial

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24
Q

How much of Odisha’s coastline is dynamic?

A

85.6%

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25
Q

Why is adaption and mitigation needed in Odisha?

A

It is frequently hit by tropical storms, cyclones

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26
Q

When was cyclone Phailin?

A

October 2013

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27
Q

How does Odisha show resilience?

A

Because people still live there despite the cyclones and threat of coastal changes and erosion.

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28
Q

How has the state adapted to the threats it faces?

A

Supplies ahead of any storms
Staged evacuations to mimic real evacuations
Warnings are broadcast of any incoming storms

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29
Q

Where is Odisha?

A

Eastern coast of India
480km of coastline on the Bay of Bengal (Indian Ocean)

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30
Q

Risks: How much of the coastline is eroding?

A

36.8%

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31
Q

Risks: What has accelerated coastal erosion affected in recent years?

A

Coastal agriculture
Built environment
Habitats

32
Q

Risks: Name 2 hazards this area is prone to having

A

Storms
Tsunamis

33
Q

Risks: What’s the longer term threat to this area?

A

Rising sea levels

34
Q

Risks: What is being over-exploited and rapidly becoming depleted?
What will the impact of this be?

A

Fish and minerals
Impacting the livelihoods of the coastal population

35
Q

Risks: Why is it hard to know what will happen on this coastline?

A

86% of it is dynamic- making it very unpredictable

36
Q

Rewards: Why do so many tourists come to the area?

A

For the beaches and wildlife sanctuaries

37
Q

Rewards: Which types of energy is there huge potential for?

A

Offshore wind
Wave
Tidal

38
Q

Rewards: What percentage of the coastline is laden with mineral and heavy metal deposits?
Why is this good?

A

35%
Could be sustainably extracted in the future

39
Q

Rewards: Name one of rare animals found on the coastline

A

Olive Ridley turtles

40
Q

Rewards: Why is there such a rich cultural heritage?

A

As cultural and archaeological sites are scattered across the coastline

41
Q

Rewards: Why is coastal fishing so important?

A

It employs a large number of people full time
It employs people from coastal villages in the post-harvest fisheries sector

42
Q

Why has little been done to mitigate and adapt in Odisha?

A

Any action taken could have devastating impacts on the area as so much of it is unpredictable

43
Q

Mitigation: How many were evacuated before Cyclone Phailin?

A

1 million

44
Q

Mitigation: Name 3 things that the authorities did before Cyclone Phailin struck

A

Broadcast warnings
Evacuate
Prepare relief supplies

45
Q

Adaptation Key Points

A

Residents willing to alter way of life
Salt resistant rice grown- flooding and sea level rise
Tourism, earn a living
Fishermen changing livelihoods

46
Q

Resilience: How have the people shown they are resilient?

A

Still live in the area with all the hazards
NGO’s teaching fishermen sustainable fishing methods, prevents over exploitation

47
Q

ICZMP: What does ICZMP stand for?

A

Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project

48
Q

ICZMP: Why was this coastal management strategy adopted?

A

2011 Assessment of Shoreline Change Report showed localised strategies were doing more harm than good

49
Q

ICZMP: Why is this project considered to be so good for the coastline as a whole?

A

As it consults all the stakeholders to find the best outcome

50
Q

ICZMP: How many people did the Odisha Tourism Development Corporation consult at the Tampara eco-tourism site?

A

118

51
Q

ICZMP: Why were fishermen consulted?

A

To discuss the impact on their livelihoods, and other skills they could learn so they weren’t dependant on fishing

52
Q

ICZMP: Give an example of a site that the department of culutre went to to consult people?
How many did they consult?

A

British Cemetery and Potagada
18 people were consulted

53
Q

ICZMP: Why were these consultations particular useful?

A

As they involved the local community, the authorities and experts to make informed decisions

54
Q

ICZMP: Where are mangroves being restored?

A

Mahanadi Delta
Development of fisheries led to them being destroyed

55
Q

ICZMP: How many km of mangroves has the Mahanadi Delta lost since 1960?

A

Around 4km

56
Q

ICZMP: What event were mangroves shown to be so useful?

A

Super-Cyclone Kalina, villages with less than 3km of mangroves saw a sharp rise in deaths
Villages with over 4km saw no deaths at all

57
Q

ICZMP: Why are mangroves such a good sea defence?

A

They are natural and don’t impact the local ecology

58
Q

How long is the coastline and how does this compare to Slapton/

A

480km which is much larger than Slapton’s 14km coast

59
Q

How many fishermen are there and what % are actively engaged in fishing in coastal water?

A

88,000 - 76%

60
Q

What was there among stakeholders and so what was adopted?

A

Conflict of interest so an ICZM approach was adopted

61
Q

When did the ICZM implement a pilot and how far did this cover?

A

2010 which covered 190km of coast

62
Q

How many stakeholders have been given funding to go away from economic activity?

A

600

63
Q

What does the scheme undergo?

A

Constant evaluation

64
Q

How many hectares of mangrove have been protected?

A

323

65
Q

How have they developed tourism?

A

Developed tourism at 6 sites which is a more sustainable industry

66
Q

How much has tourism risen by?

A

31%

67
Q

How much has tourism income and employment risen by?

A

55%

68
Q

What and how many were set up to offer protection from cyclones and flooding?

A

14 disaster protection shelters

69
Q

What are the shelters used as in normal days?

A

Classrooms, social centres and vaccine centres

70
Q

What has been done in the most erosion prone areas?

A

505m of gabions

71
Q

What and how many do the gabbions protect?

A

41,000 people in villages and 6000 hectares of farmland

72
Q

Schemes inland to provide employment

A

Becoming a dairy or poultry farmer

73
Q

What is done before tropical storms?

A

Broadcast warnings and stage evacuation

74
Q

How is the coastline dynamic?

A

Largely accreting at 46.8% with 36.8% eroding and only 14.6% being stable

75
Q

What opportunities are there regarding raw materials?

A

Oil, natural gas and seabed mining

76
Q

How is the ecology unique?

A

Mangroves, salt marshes, Olive Ridley turtles and sea grass meadows

77
Q

How much mangrove forest is in Bhitarkanika and how many species are there?

A

1435 sqkm with more than 82 species

AQA A-Level Physical Geography (28 decks)

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