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Fundamentals Pharmacology > Pharmacokinetics/dynamics > Flashcards

Pharmacokinetics/dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Process of drug movement through the body necessary to achieve the drug action

A

Pharmacokinetics

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2
Q

Effects of the drug on the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

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3
Q

The four processes of pharmacokinetics

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Excretion
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4
Q

Movement of the drug into the bloodstream

A

Absorption

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5
Q

Factors affecting absorption (list at least 3)

A
  • Blood flow
  • Pain/stress
  • Hunger/fasting/food
  • pH
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6
Q

Some of the medication is metabolized to an inactive form and excreted

A

First Pass Metabolism/Effect

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7
Q

During the First Pass Effect what happens to the med that is not excreted?

A

It gets distributed and absorbed

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8
Q

What are the only meds that are affected by first pass metabolism?

A

Oral meds

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9
Q

Percentage of the administered drug available for activity

A

Bioavailability

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10
Q

Factors influencing bioavailability (List 3)

A
  • Drug form
  • Route of administration
  • Gastric mucosa/mobility
  • Administration w/ food/other drugs
  • Changes in liver metabolism
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11
Q

Movement of a drug from the bloodstream to body tissues

A

Distribution

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12
Q

Drugs able to exit the bloodstream & exert a pharmacological effect on the site of action

A

Free Drugs

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13
Q

Factors that effect distribution

A
  • Vascular permeability - How easily the drug can get to the sight (heart pumping)
  • Regional blood flow
  • pH - Alkaline drugs like alkaline environments
  • Cardiac output
  • Tissue perfusion
  • Protein availability
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14
Q

Occurs when more unbound drug is in circulation then bound

A

Toxicity

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15
Q

What is albumin & what happens if it gets low?

A

There is more free drug in the body which creates a higher potency and could lead to toxicity

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16
Q

Special endothelial lining where cells form tight junctions & protect the brain from foreign substances

A

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

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17
Q

What kind of drugs CAN cross the BBB?

A
  • Highly lipid soluble
  • Low molecular weight
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18
Q

What kind of drugs CANNOT pass the BBB?

A
  • Water soluble
  • Unbound drugs (free drugs)
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19
Q

Process by which the drug is chemically changed by the body for excretion

A

Metabolism

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20
Q

The steps of the process of metabolism

A
  1. Drug goes to liver
  2. Liver breaks down drug
  3. Drug binds to proteins and liver keeps what it wants
  4. Gets rid of the waste in the kidneys
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21
Q

Primary site of metabolism

A

Liver

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22
Q

When a drug is useless on its own, but after being metabolized in the liver it becomes a different useful drug

A

Biotransformation & Prodrugs

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23
Q

Amount of time it takes for the amount of a drug ALREADY in the body to be reduced by half

A

Half-life or t1/2

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24
Q

Factors influencing the half life of a drug

A
  • Amount of drug from the previous dose
  • Metabolism
  • Elimination
25
Q

Give an example of a short half-life

A

Ibuprofen has a short half life - because you have to take it every 4-6 hours

26
Q

Give an example of a long half life

A

Maloxicam as a long half life because you only take it every 12 hours

27
Q

The amount of drug being administered is the same amount of drug being eliminated

A

Steady state or plateau drug level

28
Q

Larger initial dose followed by maintenance doses

A

Loading dose

29
Q

Elimination of free drugs, water soluable drugs, & unchanged drugs

A

Excretion

30
Q

Main route of excretion

A

Kidneys

31
Q

Normal pH range for urine

A

4.6-8.0

32
Q

Acidic urine promotes excretion of what kind of drugs

A

Weak base drugs

33
Q

Alkaline urine promotes excretion of what kind of drugs

A

Weak acid drugs

34
Q

Factors effecting excretion

A
  • Prerenal - dehydration or hemorrhage
  • Intrarenal - CKD & glomerulonephritis
  • Post renal conditions - Prostatic hypertrophy, stones, & neurogenic bladder
35
Q

Calculated using creatinine level,age, body size, and sex

A

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)

36
Q

What set of labs is the eGFR a part of?

A

Basic metabolic pannel

37
Q

Accelerated metabolism and elimination resulting in decreased plasma concentrations

A

Induction

38
Q

Slowing down of metabolism and excretion resulting in increased plasma concentrations

A

Inhibition

39
Q

What is the desirable effect of a drug

A

Primary Effect

40
Q

What is the undesirable effect of a drug

A

Secondary Effect

41
Q

The relationship between the dose of a drug administered and the response of the effect on the body

A

Dose-response Relationship

42
Q

Amount of drug needed to elicit a specific response to a drug

A

Potency

43
Q

Point where increasing the drug does not increase the desired effect any more

A

Maximal Efficacy

44
Q

Minimum amount of drug needed for desired response

A

Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)

45
Q

Range of doses that produce the therapeutic effect w/out causing significant adverse effects

A

Therapeutic Window

46
Q

When a medication begins to give the desired response

A

Onset - could be 5 minutes or 3 weeks

47
Q

When do adverse side effects happen?

A

When the dose is too high over the therapeutic window

48
Q

When do sub-therapeutic effects happen?

A

When the dose is too low below the therapeutic window

49
Q

Drugs that enhance what natural substances do and bind to the receptor site

A

Agonist Drugs

50
Q

Drugs that block what natural substances do and block the receptor site

A

Antagonist Drugs

51
Q

Two drugs administered in combo & response is increased beyond what either could produce alone

A

Additive Drug Effect

52
Q

Clinical effect of the two drugs given together is substantially greater than that of either drug alone

A

Synergistic Drug Effects

53
Q

One drug reduces or blocks the effect of the other

A

Antagonistic Drug Effects

54
Q

How do nutrients effect drug interactions?

A

Food can increase, decrease, or delay the bodies pharmacokinetic response

55
Q

Can cause interference with enzyme reactions or alteration of chemical reactions

A

Drug-Laboratory Interactions

56
Q

Skin reaction caused by exposure to sunlight

A

Drug-induced Photosensitivity

57
Q

Immune system recognized the sun’s rays as a foreign threat and attacks

A

Photoallergic Reaction

58
Q

When drug you’re taking is activated by exposure to UV light and causes damage to the skin

A

Phototoxic Reaction

Fundamentals Pharmacology (11 decks)

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