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Intro To Sociology TECEP > Theorists > Flashcards

Theorists Flashcards

1
Q

Auguste Comte

A

Coined the term Sociology and its practice. Wanted to begin systematic study of society and social behaviors to improve society. Motivated by instability of the French Revolution.

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2
Q

Harriet Martineau

A
  1. Translated Comte’s work, allowing him to be known.
  2. Wrote first book on sociological methods.
  3. Wrote insightful observations between social customs of US and Britain.
  4. Advocated not just study of social problems, but also activism to change them.
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3
Q

Herbert Spencer

A
  1. Did not feel compelled to correct society, but only to understand it.
  2. Applied concept of evolution to societies, in order to see how they change over time.
  3. Thought society would change on its own eventually, so activism wasn’t required (very popular with elites, then)
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4
Q

Émile Durkheim

A
  1. Appointed to be one of the first professors of sociology in France.
  2. Behavior must be understood within a larger social context, not just in individualistic terms.
  3. Concluded that division of labor at work led to Anomie in society. So, advocated for creation of new social group (mediators between family and state) that would provide a sense of belonging for people in huge, impersonal societies.
  4. Contributed in many areas of sociology. (Suicide, religion, workplace)
  5. Mechanical and organic solidarity
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5
Q

Max Weber

A
  1. Verstehen (Insight)
  2. Ideal Type
  3. Protestant Work Ethic in Capitalism
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6
Q

Karl Marx

A

Emphasized that group identifications and associations (age, gender, race, class, etc) influence an individual’s place in society.

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7
Q

W.E.B. DuBois

A
  1. Conducted groundbreaking studies in Philadelphia and ATL on life of blacks.
  2. Founded the NAACP
  3. Double Consciousness
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8
Q

Charles Horton Cooley

A
  1. Interactionist
  2. Preferred to study groups of relatively small size, such as families, gangs, and friendship networks.
  3. Looking-glass self- Formation of self through evaluating how others see us.
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9
Q

Friedrich Engels

A

Together with Karl Marx, prepared the Communist Manifesto and pushed for the proletariat to overthrow the owner class.

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10
Q

Jane Addams

A

Together with Ida Wells-Barnett, successfully prevented segregation in the Chicago public school system.

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11
Q

Robert Merton

A

Produced theory most frequently cited for explanation of deviant behavior. When people have no conventional access to advancement, they turn to crime. Called “Innovators” in his theory.

Emphasized combing macro sociology and micro sociology.

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12
Q

Pierre Bourdieu

A
  1. Wrote about how capital in its many forms sustains individuals and families from one generation to the next.
  2. Cultural capital (non-economic goods valued by the elite)
  3. Social Capital (collective benefit of social networks)
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13
Q

William Domhoff

A

Made model saying that the elite that rule the US is made up of an intersection of:
1. Social upper class
2. Corporate Community
3. Policy-Planning Network

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14
Q

Erving Goffman

A
  1. Interactionist
  2. dramaturgical approach
  3. face-work
  4. impression management
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15
Q

George Herbert Mead

A
  1. Interactionist
  2. 3 Stages of the Self
  3. Theory of the Self
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16
Q

Jean Piaget

A
  1. Developed the Cognitive Theory of the Self (4 stages)
  2. Importance of social interactions in developing the self. Socializing is key
  3. In order to develop a distinct personality, we need opportunities to interact with others.
17
Q

Thorstein Veblen

A
  1. Coined term “Vested Interests” to refer to those who will suffer in the event of a social change.
  2. Coined term “conspicuous consumption” and “Conspicuous leisure” to refer to the wealthy flaunting their wealth by buying excess things they don’t need.
18
Q

Talcott Parsons

A
  1. Functionalist view and made it dominate socially for 4 decades.
  2. Saw society as a vast network of connected parts, each of which helps to maintain the whole system.
19
Q

Edwin Sutherland

A
  1. Interactionist
  2. His ideas are the dominant force in Criminology
  3. Drew on the “Cultural Transmission” school.
  4. Differential Association
  5. White-collar crime
20
Q

Paul-Michel Foucault

A
  1. Relationship between power and knowledge, and how they are used as a form of social control through social institutions.
21
Q

Arlie Russell Hochschild

A
  1. Culture guides the act of recognizing a feeling by proposing what’s possible for us to feel.
  2. Emotional Labor: the management of one’s feelings and expressions based on the emotional requirements for the job (heavily used in service jobs)
  3. Work feels like home, and home feels like work, because we get more help and recognition for our efforts at work than at home. This results in Americans taking refuge into work AWAY from home.
  4. How emotion in politics can cause us to vote for candidates that don’t have our best interests in mind.
22
Q

Allan Schnaiberg

A

Treadmill of Production causing environmental problems.

23
Q

Ferdinand Tonnies

A

Best known for distinguishing between two types of social groups:
1. Gemeinschaft
2. Gesellschaft

24
Q

Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein

A

(Capitalist)World System

25
Q

Wright Mills

A

Made theory proposing that the US power elite (top of pyramid) consists of:
1. corporate rich
2. executive branch
3. military leaders

Pyramid (top to bottom):
1. Power elite (operates as self-conscious, cohesive unit)
2. Interest group leaders, legislators
3. Unorganized, exploited masses

26
Q

Interactionist Theorists

A
  1. Meade (founder)
  2. Cooley
  3. Goffman (dramaturgical approach)
27
Q

Conflict Theorists

A
  1. Marx
  2. DuBois
  3. Ida Wells-Barnett
28
Q

Functionalist Theorists

A
  1. Durkheim
  2. Parsons
  3. Robert Merton
29
Q

Ralf Dahrendorf

A
  1. Modified Karl Marx’s theory of social classes.
  2. Marx included only the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production), but for Ralf, social classes are groups who share common interests resulting from their authority relationships.
  3. Ralf (in addition to Bourgeoisie) also includes managers of industry, legislators, the judiciary, heads of government bureaucracy, etc)

Intro To Sociology TECEP (6 decks)

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