Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

Define immunological memory

Answer 1

Same antigen leads activation of B memory cells, which were established during the primary response of the initial infection

Question 2

Name the types of T cells that arise in the thalamus during education

Answer 2

Regulatory T cells
Cytotoxic T cells (Subset CD8+)
Helper T Cells (Subset CD4+)

Question 3

What are the roles of cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 3

Immune response that doesnt involve antibodies
Release cytokines in response to particular antigens

Question 4

What are the roles of T helper cells?

Answer 4

T Helper 1
Intracellular Pathogens

T Helper 2
	Extracellular pathogens
	
- Differentiated from common precursor cells 
- Secrete Different cytokines
- Have different characteristic cytokines

Question 5

What is humoral immunity

Answer 5

Antigen binds to specific Naïve B cell antibody

B cell will engulf antigen and present antigen on MHII receptor

T Helper cells bind to the MHC II receptor complex on the B cell

Activation of the B cell occurs (cell proliferation and differentiation into memory cells & plasma cells)

Question 6

What is a T cell receptor?

Answer 6

It is a protein complex which transmits information from outside the cell to the inside

Can bind to MHC I -antigen complex (displayed on infected cell) & MHC II (displayed on antigen presenting)

The T cell receptor has a constant & variable region

Question 7

Outline how T cells recognise different specific antigens

Answer 7

Naïve CD8+ has a T cell receptor which has a variable and constant region
Naïve CD4+ has a T cell receptor which has a variable and constant region

Question 8

Outline how B cells recognise different specific antigens

Answer 8

Immunoglobins on the naïve B cells will bind to specific antigens

They have a wide diversity due to the variable region (FAB) as they can be composed of many different types of amino acids

(if the B cell matures into a plasma cells- these are then known as antibodies)

Question 9

How are some viral infections able to lie dormant in the body undetected?

Answer 9

Viral cells can hide the immune response via the MHC receptor, as T cells wont be able to bind and go straight past

Question 10

List the different types of B cell receptors (immunoglobulins)

Answer 10

GAMED
IgG (serum)
IgA (mucosal)
IgM (early phase)
IgE (allergy)
IgD (differentiation)

Question 11

How can B lymphocytes react with many more antigenic shapes that their genome can code for?

Answer 11

The specificity of a particular antibody is determined by the shape of its variable region.

While still at the B-cell progenitor stage in the bone marrow, B cells randomly rearrange their variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) genes.

Diversity comes from the fact that there are multiple copies of the V, D and J genes that can be joined together in different combinations.

Addition of random extra nucleotides between the V, D and J regions, changing the structure of the variable regions that will be produced known as Junctional diversity.

Question 12

How can T lymphocytes react with many more antigenic shapes that their genome can code for?

Answer 12

While still at the T-cell progenitor stage in the thymus, T cells randomly rearrange their variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) genes.

Diversity comes from the fact that there are multiple copies of the V, D and J genes that can be joined together in different combinations.

Addition of random nucleotides between the V, D and J regions known as junctional diversity.