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Biology > plant and animal responses 5.5 > Flashcards

plant and animal responses 5.5 Flashcards

1
Q

chemical defenses in plants

A
  • increases there chances of survival to herbivory
  • alkaloids= bitter tasting chemical
    -tannin’s= taste bitter, can make the plant hard to digest in some animals
  • some plants releases pheromones a signalling chemical to produce a response in another organism
    e,g, alarm pheromones which can be detected by other plants causing them to start making chemical defenses
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2
Q

mimosa pudicas response

A
  • if touched, a signal spreads through the whole leaf causing it to fold
  • can knock of small insects
  • can scare off animals trying to eat it
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3
Q

example of a response to abiotic stress

A
  • = non-living e,g whether
  • in extreme cold conditions carrots produce a antifreeze protein which binds to ice crystals lowering the temperature at which water freezes. stopping more ice crystals growing
  • stomata can also close
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4
Q

tropisms

A
  • a response to a directional stimulus
  • phototropism= growth of plant in response to light
  • shoots are a positive tropisms= grow towards the lights to increases photosynthesis
  • roots are negatively tropisms= grow away from light
  • geotropisms= growth in response to gravity
  • shoots are negatively as grow upwards
    -roots positive as they grow downwards
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5
Q

auxins (IAA)

A

-cell/stem elongation=stimulates growth of plant
- also inhibits fruit ripening and abcisission by inhibiting ethene
- maintains apical dominace preventing growth of lateral buds

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6
Q

ethene

A

\
-promotes fruit ripening and abscission

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7
Q

gibberellins

A
  • promotes stem elongation = increasing internode length( distance between the branches in the stem)
  • promotes seed germination. =stimulates production of enzymes to release glucose from food store. the energy is used for seed growth
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8
Q

absiscic acid (ABA)

A

-stimulates protective measures e.g. antifreeze production and stomatal closure’opening

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9
Q

Auxins experiment

A

-when the tips are removed,no auxin is made so stems do not grow
-when the tips are covered,auxins moves to all parts of the stem causing all parts to grow. prevents auxins from being broken down by light
-when the tips are lit from one side only auxin accumulates on the shaded side causing it to grow more than the illuminated side

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10
Q

hormones involved in leaf loss of deciduous plants

A

-they loose there leaves in the winter to conserve water that would have been lost in the leaves.
- auxins inhibit leave loss, as plant gets older less auxins are produced leading to leaf loss
-ethene stimulates leaf loss. is produced by ageing leaves so more leaves loss.
-ethene works antagonistically to auxin’s

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11
Q

the brain

A
  • cerebellum= coordinates movement and balance
  • medulla oblongata= coordinates many of the autonomic responses e.g. heart rate
  • hypothalamus= homeostatsis
    -pituitary gland= stores and releases hormons made by the hypothalamus
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12
Q

reflec arc

A

-a rapid responses to a change in the environment that does not involve any processing in the brain.
- has a survival value

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13
Q

knee jerk reflex

A
  • helps to maintain balance and posture
  • stretch receptors in quadriceps muscles detect muscle in being stretched
    -nerve impulse passes along sensory neurone communicating directly with a motor neurone in the spinal chord
  • motor neurone transfers impulse along to the effector (qaud msucles) causing it to contract straightening the leg
  • only two neurons involved meaning less synapses for quicker responses
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14
Q

blinking reflex

A
  • corena is irritated
  • triggers impulse along sensory neuron to relay neurone in the lower brain to motor neurone (eyelid muscles) causing both eyes to close
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15
Q

action of adrenaline

A

-primary messenger
-binds to receptors on the surface membrane of target cell which activates the enzyme adenyl cyclase
- adenyl cyclases converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP) which is the secondary messenger inside the cell
cAMP activates enzyme actions depending on the cell adrenaline binds too

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16
Q

controlling the heart rate= interaction between the nervous system and endocrine system

A

-endocrine= adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline to increases heart rate
- nervous system chemoreceptors and baroreceptors in the carotid arteries and the aorta monitor ph of the blood
- during excersize muscles release carbon dioxide which combins with water forming carbonic acid and dissocates forming H+ ions lowing blood ph therefore sends actional potential to the cardiovascular system to increase heart rate.
- accelerans nerves=increase heart rate
-vagus nerve= decrease in heart rate

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17
Q

the structure of the mammalian muscle

A
  • muscle fibres made up of sacromere wrapped around by the sacromela.
  • contains the sacroplasm and sacroplasmic reticulum
  • also consists of ,myofibrils= has Actin + myosin
  • thick myofilaments are myosin and the thinner filaments are actin
    under microscope
  • the dark bands are mysoin
  • A band are overlapping myosin and actin filaments
    -light bands are only actin (l- band)
  • the h-line is the space in the middle containing only myosin
  • m-line = middle line
    -z-line = ends of each sacromere
    -Muscle contraction results in both the H-band and I-bands shortening, but the A-band remains the same length
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18
Q

the sliding filament model of muscular contraction
and the role of ATP

A
  • action potential arrives and depolarizes the sacromela and sacromela reticulum therefore cauasing the sacromela reticulm to realease calcium ions into the sacroplassm
    -actin is wrapped around my tropomyosin and held in place by troponin
  • calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a conformational change. this pulls the attached tropomyosin out of the actin-myosin binding site on the actin filamment
  • this exposes the binding site which allows myosin heads to bind forming a actin-myosin cross bridge
    -mysoin muscles flex moving actin filamentrs along using ATP .
    -ATP is needed to break the actin-myosin crossbridge causing deattchment
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19
Q

neuromuscular junction

A
  • synapses between motor neurons and muscle cells
    -work in the same way synapses between neurons do
    -action potential arrives causing calcium channels to open and calcium ions into the junction
  • vesicles of aceycholine move torwards and fuse with the end membrane
  • acetylcholine molecules diffuses across the gap and fuse with receptors on the sacromela
    -the sodium ion channels open allowing sodium ions to enter the muscle fibres, causing depolarisation of the sacromela
    -wave of depolarisation spreads across allowing muscle to contract
  • this stimulates the sliding filament theory
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20
Q

how the supply of ATP is
maintained in muscles by creatine phosphate.

A

-as well as in anaerobic and aerobic respiration
-creatine phosphate in the sacroplasms stores phosphate groups which can e transferred to ADP molecules creating ATP very rapidly

21
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • controlled consciously
    -under microscope you can see many nuclei stained blue
  • stripped pattern
    -long muscle fibres
22
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • unconscious control e,g, blood vessels
    -no stripped appearance hence why its called smooth
    -each muscle fibres has one nucleus and are in a spindle-shapped with pointed ends
23
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • myogenic e,g, heart walls
    -fibres connected by intercalted discs which impulses pass along quickly
    -branches to spread impulses quickly
    -each muscle fibre has one nucleus and is shaped like cylinders
24
Q

monitor muscle contraction and
fatigue using sensors to record electrical activity.

A

-muscle contractions can be monitored by placing electrodes on the muscle which detects the electrical signal
-produces a electromyograph on a computer
-when the muscle begins to fatigue you will see more amplitude on the trace increase because your brain is trying to activate more motor units to generate the force

25
Q

why id it important for plants to respond to the environment

A

-to avoid abiotic stress
-to avoid herbivory
-to maximise photosynthesis
-help enssure germination/fertilsation

26
Q

what role do auxins play in phototropisms

A

-auxins are made in the shoot tips and diffuse down the shoot tip
-sunlight braks down auxins
-shaded area has the highest auxin concentration
-causing more cell division on the shaded side of the shoot

27
Q

role of cytokinnins

A

-promotes cell division

28
Q

gibberelins experiment

A

-plants with the highest concentration of gibberelins would be larger

29
Q

commerical use of plant hormones

A

-ethene=control of fruit ripening. =fruit ripening just before they are ready to be sold
-also preserves cut flowers/green vegetables
-auxins=rooting powders=in micropropagation to stimulate root growth.+ micropropagation is ideal to produce seedless plants
-also auxins= weed killers=growth in broad leavd weeds so much they cannot support it they die
-gibberelins=to produce malt in beer brewing

-lack of auxin,cytokinnins and gibbilerins= aid fruit dropping

30
Q

central nervous system

A

-consist of the brain and spinal chord
-relay neurones
-many synapses

31
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

-includes the somatic and autonomic nervous sytems
-contains sensory and motor neurones
-detect stimuli/controls effectors

32
Q

somatic nervous system

A

-conscious control e.g. move arm

33
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-works constantly/subconscious control e.g. heart beat

34
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

-involved in fight and flight
-increases the breathing rate
-increaes blood flow to skeletal muscles
-dialates pupils
-liver releases glucose

35
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

-rest and digest
-decreases breathing rate
-decreases blood flow to the skeletal musle
-constricts pupils
-liver stores glucose as glycogen

36
Q

suggest why someone would react to an object coming torwards their face

A

-they would close their eyes
-to protect th eye from the object

37
Q

cerebrum

A

-controls voluntary actons,such as learning,memory,personality and thought

38
Q

cerebellum

A

-muscle coordination and movement

39
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • ued in autonomic control for example it controls heart rate and breathing rate
40
Q

pituitary gland

A

-store and releases hormones that regulates many body functions e.g. FSH,LH,GH

41
Q

hypothalamus

A

-regulatory centre for body tempeature and balance of the blood water potential
-osomorecptors and thermorecepters are there

42
Q

hypothalamus

A

-regulatory centre for body tempeature and balance of the blood water potential
-osomorecptors and thermorecepters are there

43
Q

Chemoreceptors

A
  • detect chemical changes, such as oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide levels and the pH of the blood.
    -found in the medulla.
44
Q

Baroreceptors

A
  • detect changes in blood pressure.
  • found in the carotid arteries (in the neck) and aorta.
45
Q

What happens to the heart rate if there is high blood oxygen,pH or low carbon dioxide

A
  • chemoreceptors detects the changes
    -impulses are sent to the medulla which
    -sends impulses the vague nerve.
    -This secretes acetylcholine which binds to receptors on the SAN reducing heart rate
46
Q

What happens if blood oxygen levels,pH too low and carbon dioxide levels are to high

A
  • changes are detected by chemoreceptors
    -causes impulses to be sent to the medulla
    -Sends impulses along the accelerator nerve
    -this secretes noradrenaline, which binds to receptors on the SAN
47
Q

What happens to the heart rate if there is a high pressure

A

-detected by barorecptors
-impulses are sent to the medulla which sends impulses along the vagus nerve
-this secreted acetylcholine which binds to receptors on the SAN
-heart rate slows down

48
Q

What happens to the heart rate of the blood pressure is too low

A

-detected by barorecptors
-impulse sent down the medulla
- which sends impulses along the accelerator nerve
-this secreted noradrenaline which bind to receptors on the SAN

Biology (26 decks)

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