Study Set I

Question 1

What are the five freedoms of animal welfare?

Answer 1

Freedom from thirst and hunger
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain, injury, or disease
Freedom to express normal behavior
Freedom from fear and distress

Question 2

Which fields are in the cognitive psychology hexagon

Answer 2

Philosophy
Linguistics
Psychology
Neuroscience
Artificial Intelligence
Anthropology

Question 3

What should we focus on if we want to improve the welfare and
behavior of animals?

Answer 3

Focus on the emotion not the behavior

Question 4

What behavior gives laying hens freedom from fear?

Answer 4

Hiding when the hen lays eggs

Question 5

What are stereotypies? Why do captive animals engage in them?

Answer 5

Abnormal repetitive behavior
A captive animal suffered or is suffering in a past or current environment and engages in stereotypies to sooth its suffering

Question 6

Do animals and people have the same or different core emotion systems in the brain?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

Dr. Jaak Panksepp hypothesized a set of core emotions and called them “core” for a
particular reason relating to neuroscience. What is it?

Answer 7

Blue-Ribbon Emotions
They generate well-organized behavior sequences that can be evoked by localized electrical stimulation of the brain

Question 8

Be able to recognize, and know the main features of, Panksepp’s four core emotions and three special-purpose ones

Answer 8

SEEKING: The positive emotions of wanting, looking forward
to, or being curious about something

RAGE: Core emotion that gives a captured animal the explosive energy it needs to struggle violently and maybe shock the predator into loosening its grip long enough
that the captured animal can get away

FEAR: Occurs when survival is threatened in any way, from the physical to the mental and social

PANIC: Social attachment system

Question 9

What is the main pleasure in seeking: the process or the result?

Answer 9

The process

Question 10

Why would animals hide signs of bad welfare?

Answer 10

So that predators cannot detect their weakness

Question 11

How can we tell if an animal’s welfare is OK?

Answer 11

By observing an animal’s stereotypies

Question 12

A shocking percentage of farm, lab, zoo and pet animals show stereotypies (> 91% of pigs,
> 82% of poultry, 50% of lab mice, > 18% of horses, etc.). What are some examples of them?

Answer 12

Pacing, rocking, gerbils digging tunnels in their cages, repetitive jumping, and tongue rolling

Question 13

Why don’t animals born in the wild and then made captive have as many stereotypies as
those raised in captivity?

Answer 13

Wild-caught animals were living in a
rich, natural environment when they were young and their brains were
developing

Question 14

In terms of the 5 core emotions, what should we do with animals in our care?

Answer 14

DON’T stimulate RAGE, FEAR, and PANIC if you can help it, and
DO stimulate SEEKING and also PLAY

Question 15

Regarding Grandin’s Disneyland pig experiment, what was her hypothesis (based on her advisor’s rat experiment)?

Answer 15

The brains of the Disneyland pigs would show
more dendritic growth than the brains of the barren-environment pigs

Question 16

Regarding Grandin’s Disneyland pig experiment, what was the experimental setup?

Answer 16

Twelve of my piglets lived in six baby pens with perforated plastic floors and nothing much to do. The other twelve lived in
a Disneyland for pigs with lots of straw to root in and toys to play with: plastic balls, old telephone books they could rip up, boards, and a metal pipe they could roll around the floor. Every day I was putting new things in
and taking old things out.

Question 17

Regarding Grandin’s Disneyland pig experiment, how did she determine whether her hypothesis was right?

Answer 17

Back then the only way to compare neurons from one brain to another was to
spend hours and hours staring into a microscope and drawing the cells by
hand, which I did. I looked at two parts of the pigs’ cortex: the visual cortex and the
somatosensory cortex, which receives information from the pig’s snout.

Question 18

Which batch of piglets actually had greater dendritic growth? In which part of brain?
Why?

Answer 18

Barren-environment pigs
Somatosensory cortex
Underactivation of the SEEKING system led to abnormal brain growth

Question 19

Grandin concluded that it’s not just the environment but what that makes dendrites
grow?

Answer 19

The animal’s behaviors and actions in its environment

Question 20

What is Grandin’s big conclusion, which has to do with animal welfare?

Answer 20

It is important to satisfy the SEEKING system to prevent abnormal brain development

Question 21

Wynne believes that the word ‘thought’ is anthropomorphism verging on
anthropocentrism. Why?

Answer 21

Talking about “thinking” animals tricks us into believing we understand animal mental life better than we really do

Question 22

What is filial cannibalism? Know the sand goby example.

Answer 22

Animals that, far from caring for their young, actually eat their own of spring

Sand goby: father fish were able to
obtain an energetic benefit for themselves with no decrease in the number of their offspring that survived when they ate their offspring in low-oxygen environments

Question 23

What is ethology

Answer 23

The study of animal behavior with emphasis on the behavioral patterns that occur in natural environments

Question 24

In ethology, four questions are key; know their thumbnail definitions:

Answer 24

Function: adaptive purpose/advantage
Phylogeny: how it evolved and how it varies in related species
Ontogeny: how it develops over a lifetime
Mechanism: how it is caused in the animal’s Brain: how it is learned if it is learned

Question 25

Know the three (rough) classes of animal scientists and their orientations; understand how each might push back against the others (though it’s not a zero-sum game).

Answer 25

Behaviorists: lab experiments; highly controlled; simpler behaviors
Cognitive psychologists: complex behaviors; must speculate
Ethologists: behavior in the wild

Question 26

What is anthropomorphism

Answer 26

The attribution of human properties to nonhuman entities

Question 27

What is anthropocentrism

Answer 27

Philosophical viewpoint arguing that human beings are the central or most significant entities in the world

Question 28

What is anthropomorphism by omission

Answer 28

The failure to consider that other animals have a different world than ours

Question 29

Rivas and Burghardt think that it’s anthropomorphic for researchers to spend so much time on aposematic coloration (know this term). What do they think would be less
anthropomorphic?

Answer 29

Less research should be devoted to studying
aposematic coloration and more time should be spent researching aposematic scents, aposematic vocalizations, and aposematic textures

Question 30

What does it mean for zoo exhibits to be anthropomorphic?

Answer 30

Zoo exhibits, even the most modern, are often
shaped much more by the needs of the human visitors or human caretakers than the animals shown living in supposedly ‘‘natural’’ settings