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Intro to Principles of Drug Action > Review of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) > Flashcards

Review of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the general function of ANS.

A

regulation and integration of biological functions through 2 major subdivisions- controls bodily functions considered involuntary and unconscious

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2
Q

Describe the Parasympathetic Nervous System(PSNS) subdivision of the ANS.

A

REST AND DIGEST, predominates when energy can be stored, overall: increased salivation, increased digestion, slows heart rate and decreases blood pressure, decreased respiration, empties bladder and rectum

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3
Q

Describe the Sympathetic Nervous System(SNS) subdivision of the ANS.

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT, predominants when energy expenditure is needed, overall: increased heart rate and blood pressure, stimulates secretion of epinephrine, increased blood flow to muscles, causes bronchioles and pupils to dilate

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4
Q

Describe: functional antagonist

A

the net effect reflects integrated influences of both systems, example: PSNS= decreases heart rate and SNA= increases heart rate

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5
Q

Which system pre-dominants control of the GI tract?

A

parasympathetic

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6
Q

Which system pre-dominants control of sweat glands?

A

sympathetic

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7
Q

Which system pre-dominants control of adrenal medulla?

A

sympathetic

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8
Q

Which system pre-dominants control of most blood vessels?

A

sympathetic

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9
Q

Describe how some organs in a complementary manner.

A

example: penis, PSNS= erection and SNS= ejaculation

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10
Q

Where are alpha 1 receptors located?

A

eye (radial muscle)= contraction (mydriasis), bronchial glands= decreased secretion, arteries in the viscera (abdomen)= constriction, veins= constriction, trigone sphincter of urinary bladder= contraction, liver= increase glycolysis

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11
Q

Where are beta 1 receptors located?

A

sinoatrial node of the heart= increased heart rate, atria + atrioventricular node + ventricles= increased inotropy (heart contractions) and dromophopy (electrical impulses), kidney= increased renin release (increases blood pressure)

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12
Q

Where are beta 2 receptors located?

A

eye (ciliary muscle)= relaxation (far vision), bronchial smooth muscle= relaxation, arteries in skeletal muscles + coronary (heart) + visceral (abdomen)= dilation, detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder= relaxation, also found in the heart but in less quantity than beta 1 and produces the same effects

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13
Q

Where are beta 3 receptors located?

A

adipose tissue= increased lipolysis

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14
Q

What effect does activation of alpha 1 receptors in the radial muscle of the iris have?

A

mydriasis= contraction of the iris causing dilatation of the pupil

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15
Q

What effect does activation of alpha 1 receptors in bronchial glands have?

A

decreased secretion

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16
Q

What effect does activation of alpha 1 receptors in arteries of the viscera (abdomen) have?

A

constriction

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17
Q

What effect does activation of alpha 1 receptors in the liver have?

A

increased glycolysis

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18
Q

What effect does activation of alpha 2 receptors in the smooth muscles of the GI tract have?

A

relaxation

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19
Q

What effect does activation of beta 1 receptors in the heart have?

A

increased heart rate, increased inotropy (heart contraction), increased dromotropy (electrical impulses)

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20
Q

What effect does activation of beta 1 receptors in the kidney have?

A

increased renin release = increased blood pressure

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21
Q

What effect does activation of beta 2 receptors in viscera arteries have?

A

constriction due to it being abdomen arteries

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22
Q

What effect does activation of beta 2 receptors in the skeletal muscle arteries have?

A

dilation

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23
Q

What effect does activation of beta 2 receptors in the coronary artery have?

A

dilation

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24
Q

What effect does activation of beta 2 receptors in the detrusor muscle of the bladder?

A

relaxation

25
Q

What effect does activation of beta 2 in the ciliary muscle of the eye?

A

relaxation= for far vision

26
Q

What effect does activation of beta 2 in bronchial smooth muscle?

A

relaxation

27
Q

What effect does activation of beta 3 in adipose tissue have?

A

increased lipolysis

28
Q

Where are M2 receptors located?

A

heart= decreases heart rate, inotropy (contractions), and dromotropy (electrical impulses)

29
Q

Where are M3 receptors located?

A

eye= miosis(pinpoint pupils) and contraction of ciliary muscle (near vision), bronchioles= contraction of the smooth muscle and increased secretions, GI tract= contraction of smooth muscles and increased secretions, urinary bladder= contraction of detrusor muscle

30
Q

What effect does activation of M2 receptors in the heart have?

A

decreased heart rate, decreased inotropy (contraction), and decreased dromotropy (electrical impulses)

31
Q

What effect does activation of M3 receptors in the eye have?

A

contraction of the sphincter muscle= miosis (pinpoint pupils), contraction of the ciliary muscle= near vision, and increased secretion of lacrimal glands (tear ducts)

32
Q

What effect does activation of M3 receptors in the lungs have?

A

bronchial smooth muscle contraction and increased secretions of bronchial glands

33
Q

What effect does activation of M3 receptors in the GI tract have?

A

contraction of smooth muscle= increased motility and increased secretions

34
Q

What effect does activation of M3 receptors in the urinary bladder have?

A

contraction of the detrusor muscle

35
Q

Describe: Vascular Tone/Vasomotor Tone

A

the SNS plays a major role in controlling blood pressure, EVEN AT REST. blood vessels are almost entirely innervated by sympathetic neurons

36
Q

Describe the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS) effect on the vasomotor tone.

A

there is no PSNS innervation of blood vessels, but it does innervate the heart and can have effects on heart rate and contractility

37
Q

Describe: Baroreceptor Reflex

A

baroreceptors are stretch receptors located in the carotid arteries and aortic arch.
-> when pressure increases= more stretch and signals are sent to decrease SNS/increase PSNS effects
-> when pressure decreases= less stretch and signals are sent to increase SNS/decrease PSNS

38
Q

What neurotransmitter(s) does cholinergic nerve fibers utilize?

A

acetylcholine

39
Q

What neurotransmitter(s) does adrenergic nerve fibers utilize?

A

norepinephrine

40
Q

Where are cholinergic nerve fibers located?

A

all preganglionic nerve fibers, all parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers, and postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers at sweat gland

41
Q

Where are adrenergic nerve fibers located?

A

all sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers(except sweat glands)

42
Q

Describe the basic steps of synaptic transmission.

A
  1. synthesis of the neurotransmitter (NT)
  2. storage of the NT
  3. release of the NT (calcium dependent)
  4. binding of the NT to receptor
  5. post-synaptic response
  6. termination of the NT action (could be reuptake or metabolization)
43
Q

Describe the synthesis of acetylcholine(ACh) of cholinergic synaptic transmission.

A

AcetylCoA + choline -> acetylcholine (ACh) (enzyme: choline acetyltransferase (ChAT))- occurs in the cytoplasm of the nerve terminal.
acetylCoA is made in the nerve terminal, but choline must be transported into the terminal since it is obtained from the diet.

44
Q

Describe the storage of acetylcholine(ACh) of cholinergic synaptic transmission.

A

ACh is transported into a vesicle so it can be released in the synaptic cleft.

45
Q

Describe the release of acetylcholine(ACh) of cholinergic synaptic transmission.

A

depolarization of the nerve terminal causes influx of Ca2+ into the nerve terminal. Ca2+ causes fusion of the vesicles to the cell wall allowing ACh to be released into the synaptic cleft

46
Q

Describe the termination of action of acetylcholine(ACh) of cholinergic synaptic transmission.

A

ACh is terminated by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase(AChE) which acts very quickly and choline is recycled through reuptake

47
Q

What amino acid is Norepinephrine derived from?

A

tyrosine

48
Q

Describe the synthesis of Norepinephrine(NE) of adrenergic synaptic transmission.

A

tyrosine is obtained from the diet and transported to the nerve terminal. tyrosine is converted to dopamine which is transported to a vesicle for storage where the synthesis of norepinephrine occurs

49
Q

Describe the release of Norepinephrine(NE) of adrenergic synaptic transmission.

A

depolarization of the nerve terminal causes influx of Ca2+into the nerve terminal. Ca2+ causes fusion of the vesicle to the cell wall allowing release of NE into the synaptic cleft. ATP and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are also released as co-transmitters

50
Q

Describe the termination of action of Norepinephrine(NE) of adrenergic synaptic cleft.

A

ATP, neuropeptide Y(NPY) and NE interact with the presynaptic cleft receptors to decrease the release of NE and NE is terminated through reuptake

51
Q

Mechanism of Action: Cocaine

A

inhibits the reuptake of NE into the nerve terminal

52
Q

What type of receptors are nicotinic receptors?

A

cholinergic, ligand gated ion channel

53
Q

What type of receptor are M1 receptors?

A

cholinergic, muscarinic Gq coupled receptors

54
Q

What type of receptors are M2 receptors?

A

cholinergic, muscarinic Gi/Go coupled receptors

55
Q

What type of receptors are M3 receptors?

A

cholinergic, muscarinic Gq coupled receptors

56
Q

What type of receptors are alpha1 receptors?

A

adrenergic, Gq coupled receptors

57
Q

What type of receptors are alpha2 receptors?

A

adrenergic, Gi coupled receptors

58
Q

What type of receptors are beta receptors?

A

all beta are adrenergic, Gs coupled receptors

Intro to Principles of Drug Action (11 decks)

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