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Neuroscience Exam 1 > Unit 1.Lec 4-Synthesis, Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Unit 1.Lec 4-Synthesis, Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Explain Local Current Flow

Concepts to Remember

A

Action Potential propagationn along unmyelinated axon

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2
Q

Explain Saltatory Conduction

Concepts to Remember

A

AP propagation along myelinated axons. Much faster conduction

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3
Q

Explain AP Refractory Period

Concepts to Remember

A
  • Time lag betweeen action potentials
  • Absolute vs. Relative
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4
Q

Explain Multiple Sclerosis

A

Degeneration of the myelin sheath. Conduction is slower.

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5
Q

Explain Synaptic Transmission

A

Transmitting the action potential to another cell

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6
Q

List the types of synapses

A
  • Electrical Synapse
  • Chemical Synapse
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7
Q

Explain Electrical Synpase

A

Passive Communication via the direct electrical coupling of two cells through gap junctions

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8
Q

Explain Chemical Synpase

A

Communication through the release and binding of neurotransmitters

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9
Q

How are gap junctions made in electrical synapsis

A
  • Several connexins make up one connexon
  • Two connexons combine to make a gap junction
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10
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of gap junctions (electrical synapsis)?

A
  • Pro: rapid signal transmission
  • Con: Postsynaptic signal=presynaptic signal (identical signal, ie. less plasticity)
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11
Q

What are the pros and cons of neurotransmitters (chemical synapses)?

A
  • Pros: Postsynaptic siganl differs from presynaptic signal
  • Cons: Slow signal transduction
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12
Q

What are the 6 main types of neurotransmitters?

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Amino Acids
  • Purines
  • Biogenic Amines
  • Gases (NO, CO)
  • Peptides (much larger)
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13
Q

Which neurotransmitters are classified as small molecules?

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Amino Acids
  • Biogenic Amines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotin, histamine)
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14
Q

What are the two general categories of amino acid transmitters?

A
  • Inhibitory
  • Excitatory
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15
Q

What are the main inhibitory AA neurotransmitter? What are they responsible for and how does it occur?

A
  • Inhibitory AA
    1. 𝛾-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
    2. Glycine
  • Primarily responsible for IPSP’s(Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential) d/t an influx of Cl- ions and/or efflux of K+ ions

Drug e.g.- Phenobarbital, diazepan, vigabatrin

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16
Q

What are the main inhibitory AA neurotransmitter? What are they responsible for and how does it occur?

A
  • Inhibitory AA’s
    1. 𝛾-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
    2. Glycine
  • Primarily responsible for IPSP’s(Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential) d/t an influx of Cl- ions and/or efflux of K+ ions

(Drug e.g.- Phenobarbital, diazepan, vigabatrin)

17
Q

What are the main excitatory AA neurotransmitter? What are they responsible for and how does it occur?

A
  • Excitatory AA’s
    1. Glutamate
    2. Aspartate
    3. Acetylcholine
    4. Cathecholamines (Epi, NE, Dopamine)
    5. Serotonin
    6. Histamine
  • Primarly responsible for EPSP’s (Excitatory Postsynpatic Potential) d/t an influx of Ca2+

Drug e.g- Antagonist are Ketamine, Riluzole, and MSG is an Agonist)

18
Q

List the biogenic amines neurotransmitters?

A
  • Catecholamines
    1. Dopamine
    2. Epinephrine
    3. Norepinephrine
  • Indoleamine
    1. Serotonin
  • Imidazoleamine
    1. Histamine
19
Q

What are the precusors of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine

A
  • Tyrosine (which comes from diet or phenylalanine) is the prescusor to dopamine
  • Dopamine is the precusor for norephoinephrine which can become epinephrine
20
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme for tyrosine to become dopamine?

A

Tryosine hydroxylase ( which increased when stressed)

21
Q

WHat is the precusor for histamine?

A

Histidine

Drug e,g.- H1 antagonist, diphnhydramine (lipophilic) + Loratadine/Claritin (lipophobic)

22
Q

What is the prescursor for serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

23
Q

What is the mechanism of action for peptide neurotransmitters?

A
  • Peptide NT enter inactive (prodrug) and become active @ target site
24
Q

List some examples (5) of pepitide neurotransmitters

A
  • Brain-gut peptides
  • Opoid peptides
  • Pituitary peptides
  • Hypothalamic-releasing peptides
  • Miscellaneous peptides
25
Q

How are peptide drugs administered?

A

Peptide drugs need to be injected b/c if digested the GI tract wiil cleave them rendering them inactive

26
Q

What is the mechanism of processing peptide neurotransmitters?

A

Initially the prepetide is cleaved to turn into an active peptide

27
Q

List the life cycle of neurotransmitters

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Packing (Transport)
    2a. Docking (Priming)
  3. (Fusion) Release (Exocytosis)
    3a. Budding (Endocytosis)
  4. Binding
  5. Inactivation (Removal)
28
Q

List the steps of Synthesis, & Packing/Transport of Small-Molecule Transmitter

A
  1. Enzymes synthesized in the cell body and transported to the presynaptic nerve terminal
  2. Transmitters (e.g. Ach, 5HT) are synthesized @ the presynaptic nerve terminal
  3. Transmitters are stored in endosomes which bud off small, CLEAR CORE vesicles
29
Q

Where are small-molecule transmitters enzymes synthesized and transported?

A
  • In the cell body
  • Presynaptic nerve terminal
30
Q

Where are the small molecule transmitters like ACh & 5HT synthesized?

A

Presynaptic nerve terminal

31
Q

Where are the small molecule transmitters stored?

A

Endosomes which bud off small, CLEAR CORE vesicles

32
Q

List the steps of synthesis, packing and transport of peptide transmitters

A
  1. Large pro-peptide transmitters + enzymes are synthesized in cell body
  2. Transmitter + enzymes are packaged in DENSE CORE vesicles which bud off Golgi apparatus
  3. Dense core vesicles are transported down axon via microtubles
  4. Emzymes process large pro-peptide at the presynaptic terminal

Neuroscience Exam 1 (9 decks)

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