Motivation

Question 1

Two phases of behaviour

Answer 1

Appetitive
Consummatory

Question 2

What is motivation

Answer 2

The process within the brain controlling which behaviours and physiological changes occur and when

Question 3

Why is understanding motivation important in domestic animals

Answer 3

Responsible for their care/management
Understanding motivational systems necessary in order for behaviour to be used as an indicator of animal welfare

Question 4

Two types of causal factors

Answer 4

1. External: sensory input from brain about bodies environment
2. Internal: internal input from body monitors, provide info about specific body deficiencies

Question 5

What are causal factors

Answer 5

Actual inputs to the decision making center, interpretations of a wide variety of external changes and internal states of the body

Question 6

All changes in behaviour are…

Answer 6

manifestations of the animal’s response to changes in causal factors

Question 7

How can causal factors vary within individuals

Answer 7

Same causal factor in different individuals may yield different behavioural responses

Question 8

As the levels of causal factors rise…

Answer 8

there will be an increase in the likelihood of an animal exhibiting a particular behaviour (if there’s opportunity and they are likely to be successful)

Question 9

What is a motivational state

Answer 9

combination of the levels of all causal factors

Question 10

What are instincts

Answer 10

Thought to be inherited property of an animal, made it act in automatic way in certain circumstances
Development without environmental influences (all genetic, no learning)

Question 11

What was drive thought to be

Answer 11

Component of homeostatic control system OR
Agent causing a particular behaviour to occur

Question 12

Why is drive discredited

Answer 12

behaviour can have relationships with many different variables

Question 13

What is the appetitive phase of behaviour, e.g.

Answer 13

comes first, comprises active, flexible, searching behaviours (e.g. foraging, mate seeking)

Question 14

What is the consummatory phase of behaviour, e.g.

Answer 14

More stereotyped, unlearnt, species typical and motivation typical (e.g drinking, mating)

Question 15

What is the Lorenz psycho-hydraulic model

Answer 15

Motivation is an accumulation of action-specific energy that is released when the action occurs
Action specific energy leads to specific beh
If thwarted from doing action, energy builds and builds in reservoir (post-inhibitory rebound)

Question 16

Problems with the Lorenz psycho-hydraulic model

Answer 16

Energy is not the best term for the accumulating potential to perform an action
Potential may accumulate for some actions, but not for all (only useful in certain situations)

Question 17

What did Jensen and Toates argue? Their new model saw animals as being…

Answer 17

Stimulus-response model is inaccurate
Animals are:
- intrinsically active, not passive
- goal-seeking (purposive)
- flexible
- learn cognitions
- exploratory

Question 18

Slide 16****

Answer 18

ON EXAM

Question 19

What is cognitive representation

Answer 19

An appreciation of an object or an event that is not directly detectable or is not actually occurring at the time (sense when something has been there, but now is not there)

Question 20

E.g. of cognitive representation

Answer 20

Cow whose calf has been removed, still has cognition of that calf during the period when she is showing distress

Question 21

What is negative feedback

Answer 21

Process whereby execution of a beh pattern reduces the motivation to perform it
Important in limiting the length of bouts of diff beh

Question 22

What is hysteresis

Answer 22

Delayed negative feedback, takes a period of time for negative feedback to start reducing motivation (e.g. after eating, do not immediately feel full)

Question 23

Why does motivational conflict occur

Answer 23

Animals constantly faced with multiple causal factors, they are competing for animals time and energy

Question 24

Redirected behaviour vs displacement activity

Answer 24

Redirected = same beh e.g. mom gets mad at you you get mad at someone else

Displacement = different beh e.g. roomated gets mad at you, you go to the gym (seems irrelevant to human observer)

Question 25

Why do displacement activities occur

Answer 25

Observed when an animal experiences a motivational conflict

Question 26

Spectrum of abnormal beh

Answer 26

Normal –> beh vice –> abnormal repetitive beh –> stereotypies

Question 27

Stereotypies vs abnormal repetitive beh

Answer 27

ARB = sequence begins to be abbreviated, detached from stimulus, shortens
Stereotypie = very abbreviated, fixed action pattern, no longer doing all normal beh

Question 28

Three important sources of information to determine what is ‘normal’ behaviour

Answer 28

Behaviour of the wild ancestors
Behaviour of feral animals
Behaviour of domestic animals when placed in environments similar to those of ancestors

Question 29

Examples of beh disorders

Answer 29

Stereotypies, cannibalism, abnormal aggression, stress

Question 30

How do we measure causal factors?

Answer 30

Cannot measure directly
Estimates can be made through physiology
Most estimates of motivational state done using beh observation (intensity, freq, duration)

Question 31

Best estimates of motivational states done using…

Answer 31

A multi-disciplinary approach
e.g. determining when one causal factor has more “urgency” than another

Question 32

What is homeostasis

Answer 32

Body state is maintained within a tolerable range of temperature, osmotic state, nutrient level, etc by a set of homeostatic control systems (keeps things in balance)

Question 33

Value that an important aspect of their environment should be
vs actual value

Answer 33

Should be = sollwert

Actual = iswert

Question 34

Motivational vs affective states

Answer 34

Motivational = water motivated
Affective = thirsty (feeling)