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Phlebotomy > The Circulatory System > Flashcards

The Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Circulatory System

A

carries oxygen & food to cells of body, carries carbon dioxide & other wastes away from cells to excretory organs, kidneys, lung & skin, aids in coagulation process, assists in defending body against disease AND aids in regulation of body temperature

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2
Q

Flow of Blood

A

Inferior/Superior Vena Cava –> R atrium –> Tricuspid Valve –> R ventricle –> Pulmonary Valve –> Pulmonary Artery –> Lungs –> Pulmonary Vein –> L atrium –> Bicuspid Valve –> L ventricle –> Aortic Valve –> Aorta –> Systemic Circulation

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3
Q

Main Components of Cardiovascular System

A

heart, blood vessels, & blood

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4
Q

Main Components of Lymphatic System

A

lymph vessels, lymph nodes & lymph

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5
Q

General Structure of the Heart

A

four-chambered, hollow, muscular organ. about the size of a man’s clenched fist and surrounded by pericardium

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6
Q

Epicardium

A

the thin outer layer of the heart. covers the heart and attaches to the pericardium

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7
Q

Myocardium

A

the middle muscle layer of the heart. contracts to pump blood into arteries

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8
Q

Endocardium

A

the thin inner layer of the heart. lines the interior chambers and valves

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9
Q

Right Atrium

A

upper right chamber of the heart. receives deoxygenated blood from the body via both the superior (upper) vena cava and the inferior (lower) vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle

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10
Q

Right Ventricle

A

lower right chamber. receives blood from the right atrium and pumps into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs to be oxygenated

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11
Q

Left Atrium

A

upper left chamber. receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and pumps it to the left ventricle

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12
Q

Left Ventricle

A

lower left chamber. receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta; the walls are nearly 3x as thick as the right.

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13
Q

Right AV Valve

A

also called the tricuspid valve. located between the right atrium and right ventricle. closes when the right ventricle contracts to prevent blood from flowing back into the right atrium

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14
Q

Left AV Valve

A

also called the bicuspid or mitral valve. located between the left atrium and left ventricle. closes when the left ventricle contracts and prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium

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15
Q

Right Semilunar Valve

A

also called the pulmonary or pulmonic valve. located at the entrance to the pulmonary artery. closes when the right ventricle relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle.

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16
Q

Left Semilunar Valve

A

also called the aortic valve. located at the entrance to the aorta. closes when the left ventricle relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle

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17
Q

Septa

A

partitions made up of myocardium that separate the right and left sides of the heart

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18
Q

Septa that separates the R/L atria

A

interatrial septa

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19
Q

Septa that separates the R/L ventricles

A

interventricular septa

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20
Q

Coronary Circulation

A

the flow of blood through arteries and veins within the heart muscle

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21
Q

Angina

A

chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart

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22
Q

Atherosclerosis or CAD( coronary artery disease)

A

a build-up of plaque causing the narrowing of coronary arteries and reduced blood flow to the heart

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23
Q

Myocardial Ischemia

A

a partial obstruction of coronary artery

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24
Q

Myocardial Infarction or Heart Attach

A

complete obstruction or prolonged ischemia

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25
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

one complete contraction and subsequent relaxation. lasts about 0.8 seconds

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26
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

A

located on the upper wall of the right atrium. it begins the heartbeat by generating the electrical pulse that travels through the muscles of both atria causing them to contract simultaneously and push blood through the AV valves into ventricles

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27
Q

Internodal Pathway Fibers

A

located on the wall of the right atrium. relays the impulse to the AV node

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28
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

A

located at the bottom of the right atrium in the interatrial septum. picks up the impulse, slows it down while the atria finish contracting, and then relays it through the AV bundle

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29
Q

AV bundle (bundle of His)

A

top of the interventricular septum. relays impulse throughout the ventricular walls by means of bundle branches and Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract, forcing blood through the semilunar valves: both atria and ventricles have to relax briefly before the cycle can begin again.

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30
Q

ECG

A

an electrocardiogram. a graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity during the cardiac cycle

31
Q

Pulse

A

palpable rhythmic throbbing caused by alternation expansion and contraction of an artery as blood passes through

32
Q

Blood Pressure

A

the force or tension exerted by blood on walls of blood vessels

33
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

pressure in arteries during contraction of ventricles

34
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

arterial pressure during relaxation of ventricles

35
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

carries blood from right ventricle of heart to lungs, CO2 is removed and O2 is picked up. oxygenated blood returns to left atrium of heart

36
Q

Systematic Circulation

A

carries oxygenated blood & nutrients from L ventricle to body cells. returns deoxygenated blood with CO2 & wastes from cells to right atrium

37
Q

Structures of the Vascular System

A

Arteries, Veins and Capillaries

38
Q

Arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart and to tissues. they have thick walls to withstand HP

39
Q

Arterioles

A

small branches of arteries that join capillaries

40
Q

Veins

A

return deoxygenated blood from tissues to heart. have thin walls with low BP. blood is moved by skeletal muscle movement, valves that prevent backflow & pressure changes in cavities in breathing

41
Q

Venules

A

small veins that join capillaries

42
Q

Capillaries

A

microscopic, one cell thick vessels that connect arterioles and veins. site where gas exchange between blood and body tissues occurs

43
Q

Antecubital fossa

A

the shallow depression in arm anterior to the bend of elbow. a site of major veins and 1st venipuncture pick

44
Q

H Pattern of AC veins

A

Median Cubital - located in center of AC, 1st choice
Cephalic - located on lateral side, 2nd choice
Basilic - located in the medial apsect of AC, last choice

45
Q

M Patter of AC Veins

A

(from medial to lateral)
Cephalic , Median (1st), Median Cephalic (2nd), Median Basilic (3rd), Basilic

46
Q

Plasma

A
  • a clear, pale yellow fluid that is approximately 91% H2O and 9% mixture of O2, CO2, N, Na, K, Ca, Mg, carbs & liquids, proteins, waste products, vitamins, hormones and drugs.
  • fluid portion of whole blood separated from RBCs, WBCs, & platelets by centrifugation, contains fibrinogen, specimen must be collect in an anticoagulant tube and used in cases when serum cannot
47
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells. most numerous cells in body, carry both O2 & CO2, and produced in bone marrow

48
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells. formed in bone marrow & lymphatic tissue. neutralize or destroy pathogens.

49
Q

Neutrophils

A

segmented nucleus. most numerous type of WBC. function is to destroy pathogens by phagocytosis

50
Q

Eosinophils

A

segmented nucleus. ingest & detoxify foreign proteins, help turn off immune reactions, and increase with allergies & parasite

51
Q

Basophils

A

segmented nucleus. least numerous WBC. release histamine and heparin, which enhances the inflammatory response.

52
Q

Lymphocytes

A

unsegmented nucleus. second most numerous WBC. T lymphocytes directly attack infected cells. B lymphocytes give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies that are released into the bloodstream to circulate and attack foreign bodies

53
Q

Monocytes

A

unsegmented nucleus. largest WBC. destroys pathogens by phagocytosis and the first line f defense in the inflammatory process

54
Q

Thrombocytes

A

platelets, essential to coagulation. first cell on the scene when an injury occurs

55
Q

ABO Blood Group

A

a system that recognizes 4 types of blood; A, B, AB, & O) and 2 antigens ( A & B)

56
Q

Type A Blood

A

contains RBC antigen A and plasma antibodies anti-B

57
Q

Type B Blood

A

contains RBC antigen B and plasma antibodies anti-A

58
Q

Type AB Blood

A

contains RBC antigens A & B and contains no plasma antibodies
- “universal recipient”

59
Q

Type O Blood

A

contains no RBC antigens and both anti-A & anti-B plasma antibodies
- “universal donor”

60
Q

Compatibility test/Cross Match

A

a test that determines whether donor’s blood and the recipient’s blood are compatible

61
Q

Layers of an Anticoagulant Tube

A

top: plasma –> contains fibrinogen
middle: buffy coat –> contains WBCs and platelets
bottom: RBCs

62
Q

Serum

A

fluid portion of blood remaining after clotting, can be separated from clot by centrifugation, and does not contain fibrinogen

63
Q

Layers of a Non-anticoagulant Tube

A

top: serum –> lacks fibrinogen
middle: separator gel
bottom : clotted blood

64
Q

Fibrinogen

A

a coagulation factor used in blood clotting

65
Q

Whole Blood

A

blood that is in the same form as it is in the bloodstream, not allowed to clot or separate, must be collected in an anticoagulant tube

66
Q

Hemostasis

A

the arrest or stoppage of bleeding after injury. requires coordinated interaction of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, platelets, other blood cells, plasma proteins, and clotting factors

67
Q

Process of Hemostasis in Vivo ( actual human body)

A
  1. vasoconstriction: a reduction in the diameter of blood vessel
  2. formation of a primary platelet plug
  3. progression to a stable blood clot ( secondary hemostatic plug formation)
  4. fibrinolysis: the dissolving of a colt
68
Q

Extrinsic Coagulation Pathway

A

occurs outside the bloodstream. initiates the coagulation process

69
Q

Intrinsic Coagulation Process

A

occurs inside the bloodstream. produces thrombin on the surface of activated thrombocytes

70
Q

Lymphatic System Functions

A

returns tissues fluid to bloodstream, protects the body by removing microorganisms & impurities, processes lymphocytes and delivers fats absorbed from small intestine to bloodstream

71
Q

Structures of the Lymphatic System

A

lymph, lymphatic vessels, ducts, and nodes

72
Q

Lymph

A

excess tissue fluid that filters into lymphatic capillaries. moved by skeletal muscle contraction. it passes through lymph nodes that filter out impurities

73
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

a reduction in the diameter of the blood vessel caused by contraction of smooth muscle fibers in the tunica media

Phlebotomy (11 decks)

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