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PE Paper 1 > CV and respiratory systems > Flashcards

CV and respiratory systems Flashcards

1
Q

Untrained HR at rest

A

60-75

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2
Q

HR

A

number of beats per min

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3
Q

SV

A

volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per beat

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4
Q

CO

A

volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per min

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5
Q

Bradeycardia

A

resting HR below 60bpm

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6
Q

Diastole

A

relaxtion of atria and ventricles = low pressure in heart
Blood passively flows through atria into ventricles
AV valves are open
Semilunar valves are closed

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7
Q

Atrial systole

A

atria’s contract , forcing blood into ventricles

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8
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Ventricles contract
AV valves close
Semilunar valves open
Blood pushed out ventricles into large arteries

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9
Q

how long is one cardiac cycle

A

0.8 seconds

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10
Q

Myogenic

A

heart generates own impulse

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11
Q

CV drift

A

gradual rise of HR towards end of exercise as SV drops to give heart time to fill but CO needs to remain the same

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12
Q

Why does CV happen

A

blood becomes more viscous as plasma is sweated out which is harder to pump around body

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13
Q

SV during recovery

A

maintained during early stages of recovery

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14
Q

HR during recovery

A

decreases fast

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15
Q

CO during recovery

A

rapid decrease

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16
Q

3 neural control

A

propio receptors , chemoreceptors , baroreceptors

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17
Q

2 intrinsic control

A

Temperature , Venous return

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18
Q

Hormonal control

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

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19
Q

How is HR regulated during exercise

A

receptors detect changes , sends to CCC in medulla , decrease HR sent via vegas nerve , Increase HR sent via accelerator nerve which increases SA node firing

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20
Q

Vascular shunt is

A

redistribution of blood to working muscles and organs during exercise

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21
Q

Vascular shunt mechanisms

A

vasodilation and open of capilary sphincteres of arteries to working muscles , vasoconstriction and closing of capilary sphincteres of arteries to non working muscles

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22
Q

Why vascular shunt occurs

A

VCC in medulla recieves info from receptors, stimulates sympathetic NS

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23
Q

5 veneous return mechanisms

A

Pocket valves
muscular pump
Gravity
respiratory pump
smooth muscle

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24
Q

veneous return - pocket valves

A

one way so prevent backflow

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25
Q

veneous return - muscular pump

A

muscles contract and squeezes on veins

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26
Q

veneous return - smooth muscle

A

in walls of veins , contract causing blood to flow back to heart

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27
Q

veneous return - respiratory pump

A

cause pressure difference in thorasic cavity which aids movement of blood

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28
Q

veneous return - gravity

A

blood above heart returns with help of gravity

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29
Q

transport of 02

A

97% in haemoglobin
3% dissolved in plasma

30
Q

tidal voume

A

volume of air breathed in or out per breath

31
Q

breathing frequency

A

number of breaths per min

32
Q

MV

A

volume of air breathed in or out per min

33
Q

Inspiration at rest

A

Diaphragm contracts and flattens
External intercostals contract
Rib cage up and out
Increases volume of thoracic cavity - decreases pressure
air rushes in

34
Q

Expiration at rest

A

passive
diphragm relaxes and domes
external intercostals relax
rib cage moves down and in
decreases volume of thoracic cavity - increases pressure
air rushes out

35
Q

Inspiration during exercise

A

diphragm flattens more
external intercostals contract more
sternocloidmastoid + pectoralis are recruited to move ribs up and out futher
volume of thoracic cavity increases futher
futher pressure decrease
more air rushes in

36
Q

expiration during exericise

A

active
diphragm relaxes
external interostal relax
rectus abdominus, internal/external obliques pull ribs in and down futher
thoracic cavity decreases futher
pressure increases more
more air rushes out

37
Q

How is breathing controlled during exercise ( inspiration)

A

Chemoreceptors detect increase acidity send message to ICC in medulla causing increase inspiration

38
Q

How is breathing controlled during exercise ( expiration)

A

propio/thermo receptors detect changes. Baroreceptors detect strtech in lungs , send message to ECC, increase expiration

39
Q

02 in alveoli during exercise

A

high P02 in alveoli , low P02 in pulmonary capillary. Steep concentration gradient, 02 from alveoli goes into blood.

40
Q

C02 in alveoli during exercise

A

low PC02 in alveoli, high PC02 in pulmonary capillary , steeper concentration gradient, C02 diverts from blood to alveoli

41
Q

Muscle site at rest

A

high p02 in blood , low p02 in muscles.
02 goes from blood to muscles
c02 is opposite of this

42
Q

muscle site during exercise

A

high p02 in blood, lower p02 in msucles , steeper gradient so more 02 diffuses into muscle cell

43
Q

BOHR shift ( Dr TACO)

A

Dissociation curve shifts right
Temp increases in blood tissue and muscles
Acidity increases in blood tissue and muscle
C02 has stepper diffusion gradient between muscle tissue and blood
02 has stepper diffusion gradient between muscle tissue and blood
This means less dissociation but at a quicker rate

44
Q

Conduction system

A

SA Node initiates impulse , sends to AV node which holds for a sec causing atrial systole, AV then sends it to Bundle of HIS to Punjiknjee fibres causing ventricular systole

45
Q

BF resting/maximal value

A

R- 12-16
M- 40+

46
Q

MV - resting/maximal value

A

R- 6-8
M- 200

47
Q

untrained HR at rest

A

60-75

48
Q

trained HR at rest

A

50

49
Q

untrained SV at rest and maximal

A

rest- 70ml
maximal - 100-120

50
Q

trained SV at rest and maximal

A

rest- 100ml
maximal - 160-200ml

51
Q

max HR

A

220-age

52
Q

TV at rest and Maximal

A

rest- 0.5l
max- 3-5l

53
Q

Untrained CO at rest and maximal

A

rest- 5l
max- 20-30l/min

54
Q

trained CO at rest and maximal

A

rest - 5l
max- 30-40l/min

55
Q

sympathetic NS

A

increases heart rate

56
Q

vagus nerve

A

decreases HR

57
Q

accelerator nerve

A

increases adrenaline
increases SA node firing

58
Q

features of arteries

A

oxygenated blood away from heart
high pressure

59
Q

features of capillaries

A

one cell thick
where gas exchange takes place

60
Q

features of veins

A

deoxygenated blood towards heart
low pressure

61
Q

vasoconstriction

A

smooth muscle contracts reducing lumen diameter and reducing blood flow

62
Q

vasodilation

A

smooth muscle relaxes which increases lumen diameter and increases blood flow

63
Q

VCC

A

located in medulla oblangata
receives info from receptors
will either stimulate parasympathetic or sympathetic NS

64
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

inspiration and expiration of air from atmosphere

65
Q

gaseous exchange

A

extraction of oxygen from air to blood to muscles

66
Q

% transport of oxygen

A

97% to haemoglobin
3% disolved in plasma

67
Q

% transport of c02

A

70% dissolved in water - carbonic acid
23% combines with haemoglobin
7% dissolved in blood plasma

68
Q

TV

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath

69
Q

breathing freqency

A

number of breaths per min

70
Q

MV

A

volume of air breathed in or out per min

71
Q

Bohr shift on graph ( Dr TACO)

A

Dissociation curve shifts right
Temperature increases in blood and muscles tissue
Acidity increases in blood and muscle tissue
C02 increases in blood and muscle tissue
Oxygen has a steeper diffusion gradient between blood and muscle tissue
Oxygen affinity is reduced

72
Q

reason for Bohr shift

A

less saturation of 02 at lungs but at quicker disociation to working muscles for aerobic energy production

PE Paper 1 (8 decks)

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