Lecture 4 Flashcards
What is drug TOXICITY?
drugs ability to poison the body by EXCESSIVE dosing
can result in apoptosis or necrosis of cells
can develop toxics side effects
What are ADVERSE effects in drug reactions?
a harmful or abnormal result of any substance
UNINTENDED and occurs at doses used in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy
Are Product monographs a good source of information for adverse reactions of drugs?
YES!
What are the levels of severity of adverse drug reactions?
- mild –> GI tract probs, minor, headaches, fatigure, muscle aches
- moderate –> like mild but symptoms are distinctly annoying, disstressing and tolerable, drug not usually discontinued just re-evaluate dose, frequency, and timing
- severe –> LIFE THREATENING, usually STOP using drug and MUST be treated. Doctors must sometimes continue giving high risk drugs
What are “idiosyncratic reactions”?
unique, strange, unpredictable
ex: Anaphylaxis
What is a “drug interaction”?
When a drug interferes in a negative way with another…
- drug
-food/nurtients
-drinks
-herbs
-medical condition
NOT ALL NEGATIVE!!
What is a drug-drug interaction in pharmacodynamics?
- when drug changes how tissues respond or do not respond to another drug
What is a drug-drug interaction in pharmacokinetics?
alters a drugs ADME which changes concentration of active drug within body
What can drug interactions lead to?
- additive effects –> beneficial or cause side effects
- lessened effects –> drug failure
- no effect —> no change
What are 3 types of drug-drug interactions that involve prescription or OTC drugs?
- Duplication
- Opposition
- Alteration
What is duplication?
when 2 drugs with the same effect are taken, side effects can be INTENSIFIED
likely to occur when people…
- see several doctors
- more than one pharmacy
ex: someone drinks “neocitrin” and then take “tylenol” to help cold but really you took double dose of tylenol (acetominophen)
What is Opposition?
Two drugs with opposing actions interact, REDUCING their effectiveness
ex: NSAIDs cause body to retain salt, diruretics help rid body of excess salt and fluid so both them together
What is Alteration?
affects ADME
- when one drug may alter how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, or excretes another drug
ex: acid-blocking drugs raise pH of stomach and decrease absorption of drug
Can some drugs affect the rate at which the kidneys excrete another drug?
YES!!!
ex: large doses of vitamin C increases the urine’s acidity and thus may change the rate of excretion and activity of drugs
What are some Drug-nutrient interactions (x10)?
- Bisphosphonates
- used for osetoarthritis
- ANY food causes reduction in absorption and effectiveness
- take on empty stomach, cannot eat for 1/2hr after - Anticoagulants
- cannot take these with foods high in VITAMIN K –> causes increased risk of clotting - Benzodiazepines, calcium channel blockers, cyclosporine, estrogen, and oral contraceptives, statins
- cannot take with GRAPEFRUIT JUICE –> intensifies effects of drugs - Digoxin
- cannot take with OATMEAL –> interfere with abosrption due to fibre - MAO inhibitors
- cannot take with foods high in TYRAMINE–> severe headache, fatal increase in BP
6.Tetracycline
- cannot take with CALCIUM or other METALS –> reduce absorption
- Lipitor/Zocor Statins
- cannot take with ANTIOXIDANTS –> reverse drug effect - Norvasc
- cannot take with foods high in SODIUM –> reduce effectiveness - Alcohol
- cannot take with almost EVERY MEDICATION - Pectin
- slow down absorption of acetaminophen
