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sociology > PAPER 3 Crime And Deviance > Flashcards

PAPER 3 Crime And Deviance Flashcards

1
Q

How are crime and deviance definjed and measured?

what is a crime?

A

A legal wrong that can be followed by legal proceedings.

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2
Q

How are crime and deviance defined and measured?

what is deviance?

A

Behaviour which is disapproved by society which doesn’t conform to shared values or norms

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3
Q

How are crime and deviance defined and measured?

What three things define the relativity of deviance?

A

Time, Culture and Circumstance

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4
Q

Police recorded crime figures

what is police recorded crime?

A

Statistics that are supplied by police in England and Wales. Only include crime which police record.

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5
Q

Police recorded crime figures

what are strengths of police recorded crime?

A
  • They are easy to access.
  • They are up to date
  • They cover the whole population
    and go back many years.
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6
Q

Police recorded crime figures

What are limitations of police recorded crime?

A
  • They do not include unreported
    or undetected crimes. e.g the
    dark figure of crime.
  • Pressure on police to meet crime
    reduction may lead to some
    crimes ‘disappearing’ from
    figures- impacts of police
    discretion.
  • Accuracy may vary from area to
    area depending on a particular
    focus of crime.
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7
Q

What is the dark figure of crime?

A

Term used to describe all unrecorded crime. Some crimes that may be in this are crimes like sexual and domestic abuse.

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8
Q

What do functionalists think about police recorded crime?

A

As functionalists believe in measuring social behaviour scientifically, they would trust quantitative data and see it as reliable and representative.

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9
Q

What do the New Right think about police recorded statistics?

A

They accept the typical picture of a criminal presented by police recorded statistics.

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10
Q

What do Left Realist’s think of police recorded crime?

A

They recognise that police recorded figures are not perfect but should not be dismissed as they are about real crimes. They believe they should be supplemented by methods such as victim surveys.

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11
Q

What do feminists say about police recorded crimes?

A

Some accept the official picture that women commit less crimes than men and try to explain why, whilst others challenge police statistics and challenge the idea of a ‘typical criminal’

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12
Q

What do Marxists say about police recorded crime?

A

They see it as a tool to control the working class and justify control and oppression.

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13
Q

What do interactionists say about police recorded crime?

A

They pay attention to police labelling and the consequences of interactions between certain powerless groups in society and the police.

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14
Q

What do radical criminologists say about police recorded crime?

A

They focus on the power of the police to label for political reasons. They also challenge the over-representation of certain ethnic minority groups in police recorded figures.

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15
Q

What are victim surveys?

A

Involves surveying people about what crimes they have been victim to. An example being the crime survey for England and Wales (CSEW)

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16
Q

Victim surveys

What is the crime survey for England and Wales (CSEW)?

A

One of the largest social surveys conducted in Britain. Only those over 18 were originally included but since then 10-15 year olds have been included.

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17
Q

victim surveys

What does the CSEW involve?

A

Respondents are interviewed in their own home using a structured questionnaire. They are asked about crimes such as burglary and personal crimes.

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18
Q

victim surveys

What percentage higher are the crime figures from the CSEW than police recorded crime figures?

A

4 times higher

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19
Q

What are limitations of the CSEW?

A

-The response rate is only 75% so
potentially important data is
missing.
- The CSEW only surveys a sample
so overall trends are an estimate,
lacks representativeness.

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20
Q

victim surveys

What are self report studies?

A

Involves asking people which crimes they have committed.

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21
Q

How are self report studies conducted?

A

They usually focus on young people and small crimes. Their findings often challenge the ‘typical criminal’ which is why they are favoured by interpretivist sociologists.

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22
Q

What are some issues affecting self report studies?

A

VALIDITY- there are concerns about the truthfulness and accuracy of the data gathered.
West and Farrington found at the age of 18, 94 percent of boys admitted to being convicted whilst only 2 percent of unconvicted boys claimed to be convicted.
ATTRITION- drop-out rates in studies.
ETHICS.

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23
Q

What is Global organised crime?

A

It can be used to refer to criminal activities over the border of different countries. An example being drug trafficking.

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24
Q

Why is global organised crime difficult to respond to?

A
  • The diversity of groups and the range of activities involved.
  • Border issues and lack of common definitions.
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25
Q

What does Castells say about global organised crime?

A

He sees global organised crime as resembling business networks. They minimise risk and maximise profit by basing their management and production in less regulated areas whilst targeting affluent areas.

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26
Q

What is ‘glocalisation’ according to Robertson’s?

A

This refers to the intertwining of the global and local. For example, though the drugs trade is a global enterprise, it is organised in individual countries based on law, political context and so on.

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27
Q

What is green crime?

A

This is criminal activity that affects the environment in some way. E.g. dumping toxic waste or fly-tipping.

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28
Q

What does Aas say bout green crime?

A

He says that, like organised crime, green crime demonstrates the intersection between the global and the local.

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29
Q

What is primary green crime?

A

Those crimes which directly inflict harm on the environment. For example, air pollution and deforestation.

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30
Q

What is secondary green crime?

A

Refers to actions committed in response to primary green crime. Such as dumping toxic waste.

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31
Q

Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance

How do functionalists explain crime and deviance?

A

They say that crime is functional for society.

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32
Q

Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance

What does Durkheim say about crime and deviance?

A

He says that crime is an integral part of society and felt that crime and deviance was inevitable.

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33
Q

Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance

What is a ‘society of saints’?

A

Where behaviour such as burping or sneezing becomes criminalised due to lack of deviance in society.

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34
Q

Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance

What does Durkheim say about a state of ‘anomie’

A

If too many people do not learn from values or have different values it will leave society in a state of chaos where there are no agreed rules. He calls this ‘anomie’.

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35
Q

Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance

What is social solidarity?

A

It refers to the sense of cohesion felt in society where all the members of a society feel part of a whole.

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36
Q

Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance

What is a ‘collective conscience’ according to Durkheim?

A

Where a community share a set of values and right and wrongs. May be expressed by feelings of shock, horror, outrage after hearing about certain events.

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37
Q

Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance

What is boundary maintenance and the promotion of social change?

A

Members of a society must learn boundaries of what is acceptable behaviour. Crime shows members of society what is right and wrong through public condemnation.

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38
Q

Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance

What can lead to anomie?

A
  • A sudden change in government.
  • A disaster which leads to destruction of order e.g. 9/11.
  • A major economic upheaval e.g. the wall street crash.
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39
Q

Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance

What does it mean by deviance as a ‘safety valve’?

A

The idea that deviance can act as a ‘safety valve’ and allows individuals to ‘let off steam’. Davis study of prostitution is that it provides a ‘safe’ outlet of sexual tensions.

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40
Q

Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance

How can Durkheim be evaluated?

A

He doesn’t explain:
-Why it happens
- Why some people commit crime more than others
- Why different people are deviant in different ways.

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41
Q

Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance

What is strain theory by Merton?

A

Merton argues that there are clear, culturally defined goals in society and there are defined ways to achieve these goals. Crime and deviance occurs when goals are emphasised more than acceptable means and if alternative ways to achieve the goal become more accessible it may be preferred by numbers in society- this is when anomie occurs

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42
Q

Functionalist explanations of crime and deviance

What are the five modes of adaption according to Merton?

A

1) Conformity- the most common response to society’s goals, people work hard to earn money in legitimate ways.
2) Innovation- Usually middle class ‘bend’ the rules to make more money.
3) Ritualism- When it is unrealistic some people to strive for wealth so they scale down the goal.
4) Retreatism- Those who struggle to achieve success may end up dropping out of society altogether.
5) Rebellion- They reject society’s goals and replace them with alternatives.

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43
Q

Subcultural theories explanation of crime

How do Cloward and Ohlin explain crime and deviance?

A

They see deviance as a reaction to problems in achieving the values of mainstream society. The deviant is unable to achieve valued goals (success and money) through legitimate ways so they turn to illegitimate ways.

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44
Q

Subcultural theories explanation of crime

How does Miller explain crime and deviance?

A

He argues that working class boys have their own ‘focal concerns’ which have the potential to lead them to deviant behaviour. The focal concerns of young working class boys include valuing freedom and excitement and being tough and macho.

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45
Q

Subcultural theories explanation of crime

How can Miller and Cloward and Ohlin be evaluated?

A

They generalise the working class culture, where in reality working class styles are many and varied and are subject to regional, ethnic and gender variations.

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46
Q

Cultural Criminologist explanation of crime

What is the cultural criminologist view on crime and deviance?

A

It brings a post-modern view to an understanding of delinquent cultures, seeing them as expressions of identity, resistance and power struggle.

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47
Q

Cultural Criminologist explanation of crime

What does cultural criminologist Ferrell say about crime and deviance?

A

He says that cultural criminology stresses the ‘energy of everyday life’ and that crime is a result of anger, humiliation, exuberance, excitement and fear, rather than a rational decision- making process.

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48
Q

Cultural Criminologist explanation of crime

What does cultural criminologist Katz say about crime and deviance?

A

He argues that sociological explanations which focus on social characteristics such as class and ethnicity alone fail to take into consideration the ways in which people are drawn to commit crime. He suggests that a physical fight may be nothing more than a show of toughness so crime has quite selfish implications.

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49
Q

Cultural Criminologist explanation of crime

What does cultural criminologist Lyng say about crime and deviance?

A

He uses the concept of ‘edgework’ which refers to exploring the edges that exist along cultural boundaries and undertaking activities which push and test those boundaries.

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50
Q

Cultural Criminologist explanation of crime

What does Young say about a ‘bulimic society’?

A

He argues that we live in a ‘bulimic society’ meaning a culture in which citizens are encouraged to ‘worship success, money, wealth and status’ but are ‘systematically excluded from its realisation’. He discusses the ‘intensity of exclusion’ felt by the underclass.

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51
Q

Cultural Criminologist explanation of crime

What does Nightingale say about a ‘paradox of inclusion’?

A

He describes how a ‘paradox of inclusion’ is felt by young black people, who turn to deviance to achieve the goals of mainstream society.

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52
Q

Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance

What do interactionists say about crime?

A

They reject the idea that crime statistics are a real representation of criminal activity. They argue instead that they are the result of a series of assumptions and judgements made by the police.

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53
Q

Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance

What does Becker say about a ‘master status’ and a ‘self fulfilling prophecy’?

A

Becker argues that a deviant label contains an evaluation of the person to whom it is applied. It can become a ‘master status’. This is where the deviant label becomes the identity for someone. Self- fulfilling prophecy is the concept when a person internalises their label after they are labelled repeatedly.

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54
Q

Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance

What is a ‘deviant career’ according to Becker?

A

This may happen when an individual joins a deviant group. This group justifies and supports deviant activities so an individual sees them self as deviant and internalises the label. At this stage ‘deviant identity’ becomes the controlling one and affects the individual’s lifestyle.

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55
Q

Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance

What does Plummer say about about individuals who are labelled as homosexual?

A

This label may become a ‘master status’ and the individual may internalise the label and start to pursue a ‘homosexual career’, which may involve joining a homosexual subculture or becoming more camp.

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56
Q

Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance

What is the impact of public shaming in Malinowski’s study?

A

In the Trobriand Islands incest between cousins was seen as deviant. However, one young man had a relationship with his cousin and was publicly accused in front of the whole community. He later committed suicide .

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57
Q

Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance

What does Becker conclude about Malinowski’s study?

A

It is only when a public accusation was made that the behaviour became a serious issue.

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58
Q

Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance

What does Lemert say about societal reactions to behaviour?

A

Like Becker, he agrees that societal reaction to behaviour is more significant than the behaviour itself.
He uses the term ‘primary deviance’ to refer to deviant acts that are not publicly labelled.
But when the deviant behaviour is repetitive and visible it begins to affect the individual’s self concept.
He said that secondary deviance comes as a result after public labelling of the deviant act such as; primary deviance, social penalties

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59
Q

Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance

What does Matza say about youth and delinquency?

A

He said that youth’s feel obligated to follow the law but also feel pressure to pursue ‘subterranean values’ which challemge accepted values. When a young person commits a deviant act they use ‘techniques of neutralisation’ which justifies the act.

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60
Q

Interactionism explanations of crime and deviance

What are the 5 ‘techniques of neutralisation’ that youths use to justify committing deviance?

A

1) Denial of responsibility
2) Denial of injury
3) Denial of the victim
4) Condemnation of the condemners
5)Appeal to higher loyalties.

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61
Q

Social Class and patterns and trends of offending

What does Sutherland say?

A

Sutherland pointed out that ‘criminal statistics show unequivocally that crime, as popularly understood and officially measured, had a high incidence in the lower socio-economic class and a low incidence in the upper socio-economic group.

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62
Q

Social class and patterns and trends in victimisation?

What did the British Crime survey in 2010-11 find out about burglary?

A

They found that young households, lone parents and the unemployed were all more than twice as likely to be the burgled as the average household and are more than twice as likely to be victims of violence as the average person.

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63
Q

What did William find about factors which cause those in low social classes in prison?

A

• having ran away from home
• truanting from school
• drug/alcohol abuse within the family
• having no qualifications

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64
Q

What did the social exclusion unit report about social class and offending?

A

They found that many prisoners have a history of social exclusion and many prisoners have a history of growing up in care.

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65
Q

What is the peak female age of offending compared to males?

A

Peak for females is 15 and peak for males is 18.

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66
Q

What data from the ministry of justice shows the amount of arrests and convictions females account for in 2013?

A

They accounted for only 18% of arrests and 25% of convictions.

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67
Q

What is the victimisation higher for? Men or women?

A

Men

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68
Q

What types of crime are men victim to?

A

Violence where the perpetrator is a stranger or acquaintance.

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69
Q

What times are women more likely to
Be victim to?

A

Victim of partner abuse and 7 times as likely to have reported being a victim of sexual assault.

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70
Q

What fraction of homicide victims were male?

A

7 out of 10

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71
Q

On average how many women are killed by a partner per week?

A

2

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72
Q

What does young say about gender and victimisation?

A

He points out that the same crime does not have the same meaning or seriousness in all cases and discusses ‘the meaning of a punch’ being very different in some situations compared to others.

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73
Q

What did Hanner and Saunders find in there unstructured interviews about sexual assault?

A

In the streets of Leeds, they found that 20% of women had been sexually assaulted and had not reported it.

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74
Q

What did Stanko find about gender and victimisation?

A

She found that over one 24 hour period, an incident of domestic violence was reported every second- yet few led to arrest.

75
Q

What did Walklate find out about gender and victimisation?

A

She considered why women who were victims of domestic abuse stayed in the relationship- she found that they had no where to go, children were involved and some women lacked financial independence.

76
Q

Age and offending

In 2009-10 what percentage of police recorded crime was 10-17 year olds accountable for?

A

23%- given that 10-17 year olds account for about 1in10 of the population above criminal responsibility.

77
Q

age and offending

What are the differences in gender for young people commiting crime?

A

young males ages 10-17 were found responsible for 20% of all police recorded crime and young women were found responsible for only 4% in 2009-10

78
Q

age and offending

What does McVie say about the relationship between age and offending?

A

He argued that the relationship between age and offending is not quite clear cut. She said data is often grouped into age bands which may mask more precise trends. For example, Home Office data often groups everyone over 21 which makes it impossible to identify trends in offending adults.

79
Q

age and offending

What does Soothill et al say about age and offending?

A

He found that the peak age of conviction for some crimes, such as burglary to be around 16 or less, whereas motoring and drug crimes beaked between 21-25. This show that differnt offences may have different ‘peaks’ in ages, but statistics fail to break these down.

80
Q

Age and victimisation

What does Young say about age and victimisation?

A

He said that when assault occured, old people would be more likely to have time off work and more likely to have an attack involving severe violence. So crime has a greater affect on their lives. Although crime rates against old people are lower than those against young people.

81
Q

age and offending

What evidence shows crime against children aged 10-15?

A

Based on CSEW interviews, 12% of children have been victims of crime. The majority of these crimes were violent crimes.

82
Q

ethnicty and offending

What times more likely are black people to be stopped and searched?

A

seven times more

83
Q

ethnicity and offending

How does the rate of population correlate the the rate of stop and searches with asian and black people?

A

Black peope account for 3.1% of the population but account for 14.2% of stop and searches. Asian people account for 6.4% of the population but account for 10.3% of stop and searches.

84
Q

ethnicity and offending

What do Bowling and Phillips say about crown prosecution?

A

They are more likely to drop cases involving black people, suggesting that the police charge black people more frequently based on inadequate evidence.

85
Q

ethnicity and offending

What was found about the rates of offending and eastern Europpean people?

A

Although their are newspaper headlines linking migrants to crime, offending rates among eastern Europpean countries is in line with the general population.

86
Q

Ethnicity and victimisation

What does the CSEW in 2012-13 show about ethnicty and victimisation?

A

Adults from mixed, black and asian ethnicities were more at risk of being a victim of personal crimes than adults from white ethnicity groups.

87
Q

ethnicity and victimisation

what shows evidence of racist crimes?

A

Home office shows that black people are five times more likely to be murdered by their white counterparts.

88
Q

Interactionist explanation of crime and deviance

What did Young find about the affects on the societal reaction to drug use among youths?

A

He discussed a group of youths who smoke weed as a solution to their porblems. Powerful groups saw this as a threat and action was taken due to mass media production. Due to this, the behaviour actually increased. This could be due to deviancy amplification. It could also be due to ‘rebellion induced’ as the youths are agry at the label. He also uses the term ‘self fulfilling prophecy’ to explain deviance.

89
Q

Interactionist explanation of crime and deviance.

What does Cicourel find in his study?

A

His research illustrates how the recorded crime statistics are a result opf interacyions and negotiations between young people and the CJS.

90
Q

Interactionist explanation of crime and devince

How can the Interactionist view be evalutaed?

A
  • fails to explain the original deviant action.
  • some people fight to prove the label wrong
  • Interactionist ideas only apply to particular acts of deviance, such as youth crime.
  • Neo-marxists argue that deviance can be a result of rebellion, rather than a reaction to a label.
91
Q

Marxist explanations of crime and deviance

What is the overall Marxist explanation of crime and deviance?

A

Marxists do not agree that crime is functional for society and say that the powerful benefit.

92
Q

Marxist explanations of crime and devience?

What does Althusser say about crime and deviance?

A

He says that control of the proletariat is maitained through two institutions: the repressive state apparatus and the ideological state apparatus.

93
Q

Marxist explanations of crime and devience?

What are ideological state apparatus?

A

They control us more subtly by socialising us to accept capitalist ideology. Examples include, the family, media and education. The ISAs are used to show us those who are ‘deviant’ as a warning and to keep us scared, therfore justifying the RSA’s.

94
Q

Marxist explanations of crime and devience?

what are repressive state apparatus?

A

The RSA’s directly control the prolateriat. Examples include, the police and the army.

95
Q

Marxist explanations of crime and devience?

What does Box say about crime and deviance?

A

He says that crime is socially constructed and that murder can be seen as an ‘avoidable killing’. The people who commit legally defined murder are usually poorer and less powerful than those who cimmit ‘avoidable killings’. Examples of ‘avoidable killing’ include deaths resulting from employers negligence; health and safety risks.

96
Q

Marxist explanations of crime and devience?

What does Bonger say about crimeand deviance?

A

He says that much crime is caused by poverty, those living in poor conditions and in competition for scarce resources will be driven to criminality. He says that capitalism creates a climate for competition due to unequal distribution of resources.

97
Q

Marxist explanations of crime and devience?

What does Gordon say about crime and deviance?

A

He argues that the focus on public fear and government control is on ‘urban’ or ‘violent’ crimes with little attention to white collar crimes. He points out that criminality is normal in America as 91% of Americans admitted to commiting a crime.

98
Q

Marxist explanations of crime and devience?

What does Chambliss say about crime and deviance?

A
99
Q

Marxist explanations of crime and devience?

Evaluation of Marxist explanations of crime and deviance.

A
  • Too extreme
  • Far fetched
  • laws protect the rights of the powerless, such as health and safety regulations.
100
Q

Neo Marxism and radical criminologist explanation on crime and deviance

What is there typical view

A

They believe that crime and deviance can be explained through labelling of the lower classes. So they combine Marxism and interactionism.

101
Q

Neo Marxism and radical criminologist explanation on crime and deviance

What did the CCCS find about youth subcultures?

A
102
Q

Neo Marxism and radical criminologist explanation on crime and deviance

What is the Saints and Roughnecks study by Chambliss?

A

working class boys vs middle class boys

103
Q

Neo Marxism and radical criminologist explanation on crime and deviance

What is the policing the crisis by Hall?

A

mugging was associated with race

104
Q

What is the left wing view on society and crime?

A

They focus on power and inequality in society and argue that equality should be the goal of society.

105
Q

right wing views on society and crime

What is Hirschi’s control theory and what are the social bonds he came up with?

A

He asks the question of why people do not commit crime. The social bods are attachment, commitment, involvement and belief

106
Q

right wing views on society and crime

What does Murray argue.

A
  • underclass
  • lack of discipline, respect etc
  • he blames welfare systems
  • single parent families.
107
Q

How can Murray’s ideas be evaluated?

A
  • Gallie found that the working class had strong work ethic.
  • Young ‘sociology of vindictiveness’ that punishes those at bottom of society.
108
Q

realist criminology

what do realists say about crime?

A

split into left and right realism
- they use the ‘typical criminal’ as a base for their ideas.
- they challenge ideas that theories romanticise the criminal.
- they challenge tradititional theories for offering no practical solution.

109
Q

right realism

What does Wilson say?

A

He challenges mainly marxist criminology for being based on ideology rather than facts.
He says long term trends in crime can be accounted by three factors:
- young males are the most likely to commit crime due to anger and short term horizons.
- changes to the benefits and costs of crime e.g availabilty of jobs.
- social and cultural chanes e.g media and religion.

110
Q

right realism

What does Wilson and Kelling say?

A

They said if people were told to’stay indoors’ more, crime would flourish and that it will cause urban decay- they said that once it hits this point there is no point trying to police an area.

111
Q

right realism

What do Wilson and Herrnstein say?

A

They say that there is a biological element to crime, they challenge left wing approaches that deny individualistic components to crime. They arue that criminal feelings may be suppressed with proper socialisation in the nuclear family.

112
Q

left realism

What does Young argue about explaining crime and deviance?

A

He argues that is important to navigate between the two extremes found in criminology. The hysteria of the underclass and the over-policing of certain areas.

113
Q

left realism

what does Matthews and Young say about the ‘square of crime’?

A

The understanding of the roleof the victim and criminal must be understood by the role of public opinion through media, family peers etc. Then the fourth element is the role of the state through formal agencies like police. They intersect as public sentiment can drive government policy.
criminal justice system-criminal offender
general public-victim of crime

114
Q

left realism explanations of crime

What three concepts do lea and young explain crime by?

A
  • relative deprivation, feelings of deprivation felt by people when they compare themselves to others.
  • Marginalisation, those described as being on the dge of society, they feel excluded from society.
  • subculture, group of people with set norms and values linked to marginalisation and relative deprivation.
115
Q

Crimes of the powerful, white collar and corporate crime

Whop first defined the term ‘white collar crime’?

A

Sutherland

116
Q

white collar cime?

What are the three types lf white collar crime?

A

occupational- commited by employees.
corporate- committed by business owners, usually to maximise profi.
state- committed by governments e.g genicide or war.

117
Q

white collar crime

What does Box argue about white collar crime?

A

He says society defines crime, the way we view theft is a shop lifter but not an owner of a company who rises prices of products or banks charging people to use their own money.

118
Q

white collar crime

What did tombs find out about the number of deaths due to employer activity to homocides?

A

He found that emplyer activity caused over 1,000 crimes which outweighted the rate of homocides in England which was around 800.

119
Q

white collar crime

What did Goldstraw-white found out about people convicted of white collar crime?

A

He found themselves as not a criminal as they did not ‘hurt’ anyone.

120
Q

What are the two explanations to white collar crime?

A

peronality based approaches- successful people are likely to be ambitious, which mens they don’t mind stepping on people’s toes to reavh their own goals.
differential association- criminal practices become the norm, thus people who cimmit white collar crimes do not see themselves as a criminal.

121
Q

relationship between gender and crime

Why does Pollak say that men committing more crimes than women is a myth?

A

He says that woen are more biologically deviant, they are able to cocel mentruation and fake orgasms. The environment of their crimes in proffessions such as nurses and teavhers means that they have undetectable domestic crimes. He says women are often the mastermid in crimes and dont get caught as much as men. He suggests the chivalry thesis means that women are treated more leniantly.

122
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What is the chivalry thesis?

A

The argument that the male-dominated justice ystem has a paternalistic attitude towards women, seeing them as child-like and vulnerable and no being responsible for their actions.

123
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What does Speed and Burrows say about the chivalry thesis?

A

He found that men were twice as likely to be charged with shoplifting thean female offenders.

124
Q

relationship between gender and crime

Why does Klein challange the chivalry thesis?

A

She argues that the concept is classist and racist. It only applies to ‘ladies’ who are middle class and white.

125
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

A

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

125
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

A

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

126
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

A

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

127
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

A

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

128
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

A

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

129
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

A

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

130
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

A

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

131
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

A

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

132
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What does Heidensohn say about the chivalry thesis?

A

She says that females who conform to feminine expectations like crying or showing emotion may be treated more leniantlythan males.

133
Q

relationship between gender and crime

Why does Chesney-lind say that females are punished more for their crimes than males are?

A

Female deviance is often sexualised due to a lack of morality or being ‘easy’ and ‘out of control’. She also found that many more girls than boys were sent to training schools and were charged with ‘immorality’ based on their sexual behaviour.

134
Q

Why can Myra Hindley’s crime be seen as going against society expecations of women?

A

‘Evil women theory’ can be placed on Myra Hindley as her crime involved children.

135
Q

What did Lombroso conclude about biological differences in male and females crimes?

A

He did a study and found that women offenders showed genetic anomalies, they showed masculine traits and a lack of maternal instinct.

136
Q

What does Thomas say about the differences in crimes between men and women?

A

He says that men are more activre and women are more passive. Women require more social approval ansd affection than men. He argues that accepting domesticity is the role that middle class women take. He says that women who lack socialisation refuse to take on a submissive role and use their sexuality for emotional gain.

137
Q

Why is Thomas criticised?

A

He shows ignorance towards economic hardships that women face who he describes.

138
Q

What is sex role theory?

A

The theory that boys and girls are socialised differently.

139
Q

What does Sutherland say about sex role theory?

A

He says boys are sociaised to be more ambitious, tough and aggressive and girls are domesticated and controlled which gives boys more of an oppurtunity to commit crime.

140
Q

What does Parsons say about sex role theory?

A

He sys that men have an instrumental role which is earning the money and going out to work. He says that woomen have an expressive role as they stay at home with the children. Girls are socialised to be more cariing and girls have a role model, their mother but boys don’t as their father is at work most of the time. Boys may have ‘status anxity’ where they have difficulty identifying ith their father which can lead to exaggerated masculine behaviour.

141
Q

relationships between gender and crime

What do feminists say about the relationship between gender and crime?

A

They highlight the controls placed on women and girls in a patriarchal society which prevent them from committing crime, they see this as a form of patriarchy rather than a desirable reinforcement of ‘natural’ roles.

142
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What does feminist Smart say about the control of women?

A

She says that there is stricter socialisation of girls tan boys. When they are allowed to go out and who with. Stranger sex attacks are very rare but there is exaggerated fear about this. Girls become prisoners in their own homes due to this.

143
Q

Why is female crime role-distorting and male crime is role-expressive?

A

Women go against their expected role as a nurturer and carer and women habve much more to lose if they deviate. So female deviance is ‘doubly deviant.

144
Q

relationship between gender and deviance

What are the recent changes in rates of female criminality?

A

With the rise of female liberation movements, females are out in the public sphere more with less restrictions on their behaviour.

145
Q

What does Jackson say about the changes in rates of female criminality?

A

There seems to be more acceptance for ‘laddish’ behaviour from girls.

146
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What does Adler say about the rise in female crime?

A

She says that ‘liberation’ is the main cause in the rise of female crime. She says that women moving into the public sphere from the domestic sphere leads them to have more oppurtunity to commit crime such as fraud.

147
Q

relationship between gender and crime

Why is Adler criticised?

A

Her statistical evidence was challenged as since female crime rates a re so low, even a small increase of female crime would lead to large percentage increases.

148
Q

relationships between gender and crime

What does Chesney-lind find about the changing rates in female criminality?

A

She found that females were srateong to branch into typical male offences such as drug offences. She found young women were introduced o drugs by male partners or family members.

149
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What do James and Thornton find about the change in rates in female criminality?

A

He found that female prisoners were likely to be uneducated and were mostly unaware of womens liberation which mainly benefitted middle class women.

150
Q

relationship between gender and crime

Why do males commit more crime?

A

The pressure on men to be the breadwinner may be a trigger for criminality.

151
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What does Messerschmidtt say about males and criminality?

A

He looks a the pressure on the males to accomplish hegemonic masculinity e.g individualism, aggression. Males experience the world collectively which emphasises the importance of peer groups and argues youth is a way of ‘doing masculinity’. This can be done in diffeent ways, getting a successful job or beating their wife.

152
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What does Mosher say about ‘hypermasculinity’?

A

He saysthat a poor, jobless person is likely to enhance his status by using seist language or carrying a gun. He says that young males are likely to reproduce the masculinity they are shown growing up.

153
Q

relationship between gender and crime

What is the ‘crisis of masculinity’?

A

Through the decline in working class jobs, the working class were inclined to have more violent behaviour to accomplisjh masculinity.

154
Q

relationship between ethnicity and crime

What is suggested about the relationship between ethnicity and crime?

A

Police recorded figures suggest that African Carribbean males commit more crime than their white counterparts and that Asian crimes are increasing.
Some sociologists accept that minority ethnic groups commit more crimes adue to reasons. Other sociologists highlight racism within the justice system for this.

155
Q

relationship between ethnicity and crime

What does Anderson say about labelling in the police towards black people?

A

He did a study of policing in a neighbourhood of Philidelphia and the policeassociated white people with middle class and being trust worthy and associated black people with being lower class and criminal. This is an example of ‘colour-coding’. He said that this ignored issues such as age, classand gender issues and ignored individual behaviour. He said that the police would stop and harrass black people on the street. He said that black people wpuld learn to dress differently to avoid this or just accept the inevitability of this happening.

156
Q

relationship between ethnciity and crime

What was the Scarman report?

A

The official response to racial violence and rioting in the early 1980’s. It recognised that the social and economic disadvantages faced by minority ethnic groups lead to protests. It also highlighted the issues relating the policing of certain areas, endorcing police training.

157
Q

relationship between ethncity and crime

What was the Mcpherson report?

A

This report concluded the official inquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawerence and the subsequent police investigation.

158
Q

relationship between ethncity and crime

What does Hall say about the Mcpherson and Scarman reports?

A

He says that until individuals are held more accountable for their actions, not much will change.

159
Q

relationship between ethnicity and crime

How is their racism in the police?

A

‘police culture’ applies to a set of norms and attitudes the police have. This affects the ways they carry out their duties.

160
Q

relationship between ethincity and crime

What is ‘canteen culture’ by Smith and Grey?

A

Attitudes and values that are shared and normalised when police are off-duty. Smith and Grey highlighted in their study that there was explicit and accepted racist language of the officers.

161
Q

What was Holdaway’s research into police culture?

A

He discusses the ‘racialisation’ of policing and argues that police work and relationships can take on a racial ‘framing. Events are seen in a way which prioritises race, even if race had nothing to do with it.

162
Q

relationship between race and ethnicity

What evidence shows that race effects the sentencing and courts?

A
  • black men were 5% more likely to be imprisoned than white men
  • A higher percentage of those from minority ethnic groups were sentenced to immediate custody than white people.
  • Such evidence suggests that there is institutional racism.
163
Q

relationship between ethnicity and crime

What does Waddington say about stopping and searching?

A

He says that stopping and searching Asian and Black males is not disproportianate. He says that they are stopped and searched in line with the ‘available population’.

164
Q

relationship between ethncity and crime

What does Glynn say about reoffending of black males?

A

He argues that the blief that the criminal justice processes are inherently racist creates a defiant reaction amongst some black males. Crime becomes a way of ‘getting back’ as society.

165
Q

relationship between ethnicity and crime

What does Pitts say about ethnicity and offending?

A

She said that ethncic young people have found themselves ‘immobalised’ at the bottom of society, which creates frustration and anger. Gang membership and violence then become normalised.

166
Q

What does Gunter say about ethnicity and offending?

A

He highlights the significance of ‘road culture’ and ‘badness’ on young black people’s identities. Characterised by violent behaviour, criminal activity and drug dealing.

167
Q

What do Lea and Young say about ethnicity and crime?

A

They criticise the moral panics that surrounded ‘black crime’. For example the media have focused on mugging and linked it to ethnicity in the past. This was due to a sun newspaper article.

168
Q

relationship between ethnicity and crime

What does palmer say about the relationship between ethncitiy and crime?

A

He says that ethnic mimorities commit crimes for a different reason than white people do. so race and racism must be taken in to account.

169
Q

relationship between ethncity and crime

what are the rates of asian people and crime

A
  • they are disproportionately lower than those similar to white people.
  • Home office tends to classify ‘Asians’ in once catagory which icnlude those of Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds who have different cultures.
  • young male Asian crimes have been increasing significantly in recent years.
170
Q

relationships between ethncity and crime

what does abbas say about the ‘passive asian’?

A

He says this label has given way to a climate of islamaphobiafollowing 9/11 and more recent terroricist scares.

171
Q

relationship between ethncity and crime

What does Bowling, parmer and phillips say about asian people and crime?

A

They sai that previous conformisr perceptions of Asian people have been altered. Previously associated with strong valueds of family and community ande now thought to promote criminal and deviant behaviour.

172
Q

left wing policies on crime reduction

How do Left wing thinkers believe crime can be reduced?

A

They focus on issues such as inequality and exlusion so their approach is long term and focusses on structural changes to tackle the causes of crime.
-reducing income inequalities by increasing benefits and minimum wage.
-raising living standards by building more affordable housing.
-reducing unemployment through apprenticesips.
-improving education by educational schemes.

173
Q

What are left wing thinkers view on punishment?

A
  • retribution which involves making the offender suffer or pay for their actions.
  • rehabilitation which involves reintergrating the offender back into society.
174
Q

left wing policies on crime reduction

What is ‘reintegrative shaming’?

A

This helps the offender address issues and recognise what they ahve done to the victim. This approach favours community service and unpaid work.

175
Q

left wing policies on crime reduction

What is restorative justice?

A

Helps torecognise the impact on the victim and can be related to the square of crime. The offender and victim are encouraged to take an active part in this. These schemes tend to replace custodial sentences with a community based one.

176
Q

left wing policies on crime reduction

How do left wing thinkers view control on reducing crime?

A

policing- Lea and Young say that there are flaws in current policing as the public lack confidence in the police due to ‘military policing’. They say that the over-policing of offences such as minor drug offences whereas domestic crimes and white collar crimes are ‘under-policed’.
multi-agency working- This is the propotion of co-operation between the agencies in society. Lea and Young argue that early itevention is important for people at risk of offending.

177
Q

left wing policies of crime reduction

How can left wing policies of crime reduction be evaluated?

A
  • challenged as being unrealistic.
  • Murray points out that the USA tried this policy and it failed.
  • It relies on the co-operation of all agents which is not alwsys possible.
  • Gilroy challengeds it as being simplistic.
178
Q

right wing policies on crime reduction

How do right wing thinkers argue how crime can be prevented?

A

They focus on making crime harder to commit and making capture and punishment more likely.

179
Q

right wing policies on crime reduction

what is situational and environmental crime prevention?

A

situational- specific measures making particular crimes harder to commit.
e.g ‘target hardening’ which is increasing security surrounding the ‘tagets’ of crime such as houses , cars and other property. This can be done through alarms and locks.
Clarke uses examples such as:
- theft from telephone boxes was reuced when the boxes were made from steel.
- car theft reduced in Germany when steering wheel locks were used.
environmental crime prevention includes the design of towns.
surveillance is important.
cctv for one in 11 people.

180
Q

right wing policies on crime reduction

What do right wing thinkers view about punishment?

A

They favour harsh punishment techniques. For exaple longer prison sentences particularly in the USA where they use ‘three strikes and your out’even for minor crimes.

181
Q

right wing policies on crime reduction

How can right wing policies on crime reduction be evaluated?

A
  • fail to address underlying causes of crime.
  • any crime reduction may just be a form of ‘displacement’.
  • Harsh punishments such as the death penalty are challenged as places where that exists usually ahve higher crime rates.
182
Q

right wing policies on crime reduction

What is the welfare state and the family?

A

Murray focuses on the family and the benefit system. He says the over-generous welfare system encourages feckless behaiour he said that people who cannot afford to bring up children should be adopted and extreme ideas involve strilisation.

183
Q

right wing policies on crime reduction

what is policing, order maintenance and zero tolerance?

A

policing- wilson and Kelling said to increase foot patrols and priorortise the polices role in order maintenance.
zero tolerance- aggressive attitudes to minor crimes such as vandalism. to be cleaned up immediately so that it is shown to be not tolerated.

sociology (6 decks)

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