Chapter 1: The Musculo-Skeletal System Flashcards

Key Terms & Exam Q Practice

1
Q

Which one of these is incorrect?

A The skeleton provides oxygen for the working muscles

B The skeleton provides protection for vital organs

C The skeleton provides structural shape and points for attachment

D The skeleton provides support

A

A

The skeleton provides oxygen for the working muscles

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2
Q

Which one of these causes plantar flexion at the ankle?

A Gastrocnemius

B Hamstrings

C Quadriceps

D Tibialis anterior

A

A

Gastrocnemius

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3
Q

Which bones are found at the shoulder joint?

A Femur and tibia

B Humerus and radius

C Scapula and humerus

D Tibia and fibula

A

C

Scapula and humerus

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4
Q

Which bones are found at the elbow joint?

A Femur and tibia

B Humerus and radius

C Scapula and humerus

D Tibia and fibula

A

B

Humerus and radius

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5
Q

Flat bones provide a protective function within the body.

Name two flat bones and, using a sporting action of your choice, suggest how these bones provide protection during performance. (4 marks)

A

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks.
AO1: maximum of two marks
AO2: maximum of two marks.

  • Cranium (1 × AO1)
  • Provides protection for the brain whilst heading a football / equivalent (1 × AO2)
  • Sternum (1 × AO1)
  • Provides protection to the heart when controlling a football on the chest / equivalent (1 × AO2)
  • Scapula (1 × AO1)
  • Provides protection for the shoulder joint during contact made with another player when catching a netball / equivalent (1 × AO2)
  • Ribs (1 × AO1)
  • Protect the lungs during any impact with a hockey ball / equivalent (1 × AO2)
  • Pelvis (1 × AO1)
  • Protects the reproductive system / bladder during contact made in a rugby tackle / equivalent (1 × AO2)

The bones can be credited for AO1 (up to a maximum of 2 marks) but the example must be applied to the protective role of the named bone during a sporting action for AO2 (up to a maximum of 2 marks). Alternative appropriate sporting actions can be credited.

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6
Q

Identify the type of synovial joint working at the shoulder.

A

Ball and socket

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7
Q

Outline how two of the features of the shoulder joint aim to prevent injury occurring.

A

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks.

  •    Shape of the articular surface / bones – allows bones to fit together (1)
  •    Ligaments – attach bone to bone / restrict movement (1)
  •    Joint capsule / fibrous capsule – lined with synovial membrane / encloses / supports / joints (1)
  •    Synovial membrane – secretes synovial fluid (1)
  •    Synovial fluid – provides lubrication (1)
  •    Cartilage (hyaline / articular) – prevents friction / stops bones rubbing together (1)
  •    Bursae (sacks of fluid) – to reduce friction (1)

Accept any other suitable explanation of features of the shoulder joint that prevent injury occurring.
Answers must refer to the shoulder joint.

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8
Q

Identify the plane and the axis about which the running action takes place at the shoulder.

A
  • Sagittal (plane) (1)

* Transverse (axis) (1)

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9
Q

Which of the following muscle movements occur when the arm bends at the elbow?

A The biceps contract and the triceps relax

B The biceps relax and the triceps relax

C The triceps contract and the biceps contract

D The triceps contract and the biceps relax

A

A

The biceps contract and the triceps relax

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10
Q

Which of the following statements best describes ‘abduction’ at a ball and socket joint?

A The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

B The movement of a limb in a complete circle at a joint

C The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

D The movement of a limb which decreases the angle of a joint

A

A

The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

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11
Q

Which one of the following statements describes the term ‘extension’ at a hinge joint?

A The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

B The movement of a limb which decreases the angle at a joint

C The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

D The movement of a limb which increases the angle at a joint

A

D

The movement of a limb which increases the angle at a joint

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12
Q

Explain how muscles and bones work together to produce movement. (4 marks)

A

[AO2 = 4]

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks.

  •    Muscles are attached to bones via tendons (1)
  •    The origin is attached to the stationary bone / the insertion is attached to the moving bone (1)
  •    Muscles are arranged in (antagonistic) pairs / because they can only pull (1)
  •    The agonist or prime mover contracts (shortens) / and the antagonist, relaxes (lengthens) (1)
  •    Movement only occurs at a joint, where two bones meet (1)

NB 1 mark for stating one muscle contracts or shortens, and the other relaxes or lengthens.

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13
Q

Explain the role of the skeletal system in producing movement of the body. (5 marks)

A

[AO1 = 5]

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of five marks

  • The skeletal system allows movement at a joint (1)
  • Short bones enable finer controlled movements whilst long bones enable gross movement (1)
  • The different joint types allow different types of movement (1)
  • Hinge joint allows extension and flexion whilst ball and socket allows flexion, extension, abduction and adduction and circular motion (1)
  • The skeleton provides a point of attachment for muscles (1)
  • When muscles (contract) they pull the bone (1)

Accept any other suitable response.

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14
Q

Movement is brought about by the muscular and skeletal systems working together.

Using an example, explain how muscles and bones work together to produce movement. (4 marks)

A

[AO1 = 4]

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks

  • Muscles are attached to bones via tendons (1)
  • The origin is attached to the bone that doesn’t move whilst the insertion is attached to the bone that moves (1)
  • Muscles can only pull / and are arranged in pairs (1)
  • One muscle contracts (shortens or flexes or agonist or prime mover) and one muscle relaxes (lengthens or antagonist) (1)
  • Ligaments keep the joint stable (1)
  • Movement can only occur at a joint (1)

Accept any other suitable response.

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15
Q

Movement occurs through the combination of the skeletal system and the muscular system.

State one bone, one joint and one muscle which would be involved when the arm is moved.

A

Award one mark for correctly stating a bone in the arm, one mark for
correctly stating a joint and one further mark for correctly stating a
muscle.

  • bones ‒ humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
  • joints ‒ shoulder, elbow, wrist (possible hinge in fingers)
  • muscles ‒ biceps, triceps
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16
Q

Movement occurs through the combination of the skeletal system and the muscular system.

Explain what is meant by abduction. (2 marks)

A

Award up to two marks for correctly explaining abduction

• the movement of a bone or limb / away from the body

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17
Q

Physical activity requires movement using bones and muscles.

Name three major bones which are located in the leg.

A

Award one mark for each correctly named bone:

  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
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18
Q

Physical activity requires movement using bones and muscles.

Name two muscles which are also located in the leg.

A

Award one mark for each correctly named muscle:

  • Gluteals
  • Quadriceps
  • Hamstrings
  • Gastrocnemius/calf
  • Soleus.
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19
Q

Movement occurs when bones and muscles work together.

Explain what is meant by extension.

A

Award up to two marks for correctly explaining what extension is:

• The increasing of an angle/between two bones

• A joint which is straightened so that one of the bones of the joint
moves/away from the other

• The action of opening/ a joint.

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20
Q

Movement occurs when bones and muscles work together.

Give two examples of sporting situations where extension occurs (2 marks), and name a muscle which produces the movement that you have chosen in each example (1 mark).

A

(ii) Award one for each correct example given:

  • Straightening the leg at the knee when kicking a football
  • Straightening the arm at the elbow when throwing a ball
  • A correct actual example such as performing a triceps extension.
        Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.

(iii) Award one mark for each correctly named muscle which must correspond to the example given

  • Straightening the leg at the knee ‒ quadriceps
  • Straightening the arm at the elbow ‒ triceps.
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21
Q

Movement is one of the functions of the skeleton.

Name three other functions.

A

Award one mark for each correct function of the skeleton other than movement.

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Shape
  • Blood production
  • Mineral storage.
22
Q

Explain the function of cartilage in relation to movement. (2 marks)

A

Award up to two marks for a correct explanation.

  • Cushions between bones
  • To stop rubbing during movement
  • Acts as a shock absorber
  • Stabilises joints
  • Prevents excess movement
  • Allows easier movement

Accept the above or any other acceptable answer.

23
Q

Name the three major bones which are located in the arm.

A

Award one mark for each correctly identified bone:

  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna.
24
Q

What attaches muscle to bone?

A

Tendon

25
Q

What type of joint is found at the shoulder?

A

Ball & Socket

(accept….synovial)

(accept…. freely moveable)

26
Q

Name two types of movement at the shoulder.

A

Two from…

  • Flexion;
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Circumduction
  • Elevation
  • Depression
  • Rotation
27
Q

In which part of the body are the following muscle groups?

(i) pectorals
(ii) quadriceps

A

(i) The chest.

      accept… the torso/the trunk

(ii) (The front of) The thigh.

      accept…upper leg/the leg
28
Q

Give one type of joint in the body.

A

One from:

  • ball and socket; accept “ball” or “socket”
  • hinge;
  • pivot;
  • gliding;
  • condyloid;
  • saddle;
  • synovial;
  • freely moveable;
  • fixed/immoveable.
29
Q

Name two muscles in the upper body.

A

Two such as:

  • biceps;
  • triceps;
  • pectorals;
  • abdominals;
  • intercostal;
  • deltoids;
  • trapezius;
  • latissimum dorsi;
  • heart/cardiac;
  • bracialis.
30
Q

Holding a balanced position is important in many physical activities.

Give one static balance and explain how the muscles work to maintain this balance. (5 marks)

A

one static balance to be named (1 mark).

(key is stationary)

In order to hold the body in a still position, the joint(s) must be kept in the same position (1 mark) [named joints no extra mark] by:

• the muscles working in pairs (1 mark)

• working at the joint - must work isometrically (1 mark)
not: one muscle contracts, the other relaxes - they must
maintain contraction/pull (1 mark) without changing length (1 mark)

  • a muscle ‘fixing’ the joint
  • standing on one leg (1 mark)

• muscles of the (upper) leg (Q+H) work together (1 mark), contract isometrically (1 mark) to hold the knee locked (1 mark)
could also apply in arm

• correct names for appropriate muscles working together (1 mark);

In a handstand this would involve muscles working at the wrist, elbow, shoulder, neck, vertebrae, hip, knee and ankle!

31
Q

What does the term “musculoskeletal system” mean?

A

The name used to describe the muscular system and the skeletal system working together.

32
Q

What does “articulating bones” mean?

A

Bones that meet at a joint to enable movement.

33
Q

What is a “synovial joint”?

A

An area of the body where two or more articulating bones meet.

34
Q

What is the role of the bursae in a synovial joint?

A

A sac filled with liquid, floating inside the joint.

To reduce friction between the tendon and the bone.

35
Q

What is cartilage, and what is its role?

A

A tough but flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between the bones, preventing them rubbing together and causing friction.

36
Q

Explain the characteristics and role of synovial fluid.

A

Clear & slippery liquid

Lubricates the joint and stops bones rubbing together.

37
Q

The synovial membrane lines the inside of the joint. What is its role?

A

Secretion of synovial fluid.

Accept ‘releases’

38
Q

Define Extension

A

Increase in the angle of bones at a joint

39
Q

Define Flexion

A

Decrease in the angle of bones at a joint

40
Q

Define Abduction

A

Movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body

41
Q

Define Adduction

A

Movement of a bone or limb towards the midline of the body

42
Q

Define Plantar Flexion

A

Movement at the ankle joint that points the toes and increases the angle at the ankle.

43
Q

Define Rotation

A

A circular movement around a joint, or in other words, a movement around an axis.

44
Q

Define Dorsiflexion

A

Movement at the ankle joint that flexes the foot upwards and decreases the angle at the ankle joint.

45
Q

What are ‘tendons’?

A

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Their role is to transfer the effort created by a contracting muscle to the bone, resulting in movement of that bone.

46
Q

Muscles are arranged in pairs. What are these known as?

A

Antagonistic Pairs

47
Q

In an antagonistic pair, what is the key term for the muscle that contracts to create movement

A

Agonist

Prime Mover

48
Q

In an antagonistic pair, what is the name given to the muscle that relaxes to allow a movement to occur?

A

Antagonist

49
Q

What are the two forms of Isotonic Contraction?

A

Concentric

Eccentric

50
Q

Which ONE of the following describes an Isometric Contraction?
A - The muscle lengthens when it contracts
B - The muscle shortens when it contracts
C - The muscle stays the same length
D - The muscle contracts

A

C -

The muscle stays the same length

51
Q

Identify two types of movement that can occur at a ball and socket joint

A
Rotation
Adduction
Abduction
Flexion
Extension