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cardiopulmonary > Cardiac Conditions Part 2 > Flashcards

Cardiac Conditions Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome

A

Sudden reduced circulation to heart
3 Types:
- Unstable Angina (Ischemia)
- Acute Myocardial Infarction (Damage to the tissue and electrical conduction pathways as a result of blockage of the coronary arteries)
– STEMI (Persistent ST Elevation; Transmural infarction; More severe)
– Non-STEMI (Biomarkers; Nontranmural infarction)

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2
Q

Risk Factors for many Cardiac Conditions

A
  1. Smoking
  2. HTN
  3. High Cholestrol
  4. Diabetes
  5. Physical Inactivity
  6. Family History
  7. Obesity
  8. Psychosocial stress
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3
Q

Clinical Manifestations - MI

A

General:
- Uncomfortable pressure, squeezing pain in the center of the chest
- Pain that spreads to the throat, neck, back, jaw, shoulders, or arms
- Chest discomfort with lightheadedness, dizziness, sweating, pallor, nausea, or SOB

Women:
- Nausea and vomiting; flu-like manifestation w/o chest pain/discomfort
- Unexplained intense anxiet, weakness, or fatigue
- Breathlessness, dizziness

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4
Q

Cardiac MI - Complications

A
  • Most cardiac events aren’t survivable.
  • May lead to HF
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5
Q

Blocked valves =

A

Stenosis

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6
Q

Incompetent valves =

A

Regurgitation/Insufficency

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7
Q

Artial Septal Defect

A

Foramen ovalefails to close after birth. Hole between atriums.

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8
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect

A

One or more small openings in the ventricular septum

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9
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

Failure of fetal circulatory pathway between descending aorta and pulmonary aorta to close after birth.

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10
Q

Coarctation of the Aorta

A

Narrowing of the aorta obstructs left ventricular outflow

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11
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Combination of four heart defects present at birth
(1) ventricular septal defect (2) pulmonary valve stenosis (3) misplaced aorta (not where it is supposed to be) and (4) thickened right ventricular wall(due to overload)

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12
Q

Rheumatic Heart Disease

A
  • Bacteria -check valve compliance when you see this in a medical chart/aortic and mitral
  • May turn into valvular disease, needs immediate follow up
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13
Q

Heart Valve Disorders

A
  • Poorly functioning and/or abnormal valve leaflets
  • Blocked valves and/or incompetent valves
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14
Q

Heart Valve Disorders Symptoms

A

Fatigue
Heart murmur
Dyspnea with exertion and laying down
Foot/ankle or abdominal swelling
Jugular vein distension
Dizziness/fainting

HVD: Can’t get cardiac output so function is down due to ATP and O2 not able to get to muscles
Swelling: due to not being able to bring blood forward.

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15
Q

Congenital Heart Disease

A
  • Poor circulation/cyanosis
  • Failure to thrive
  • Heart murmur
  • Rapid respirations
  • Hard to know what a baby is feeling
  • Baby is not following normal development patterns
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16
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the heart muscle

17
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardial sac surrouding the heart

18
Q

Pericardial Effusion

A

Progression of pericarditis; excess fluid between the heart and the sac surrounding the heart

19
Q

____% of viral infections are linked to ____

A

1-5%; cardiac involvement

Pathogenesis for Myocarditis

20
Q

Risk Factors of Myocarditis/Pericarditis/Pericardial Effusion

A
  • Young patients (Avg age = 40 year)
  • Inflammatory diseases such as lupus
  • Compromised immune system
  • Exposure to ticks and others with viral illness
21
Q

General Symptoms: Myo/Peri/PE

A
  • Fatigue
  • Fluid retention in extremities (lower)
  • Dyspnea
  • Fever
  • ECG changes such as arrhythmia
22
Q

Myocarditis - Clinical Manifestations

A
  • S/SX of a viral infection (sore throat, diarrhea, joint pain,headache, body aches etc.) [Can be bacterial or fungal too]
  • Anyone can develop this young or old.
23
Q

Pericarditis - Clinical Manfiestation

A
  • Piercing constant chest pain (more intense with inhalation and position changes; less in professorial position)
  • Rapid onset
  • Dry cough
  • Orthopnea
  • Dyspnea
24
Q

Pericardial Effusion - Clinical Manifestations

A
  • Feeling of chest fullness
  • Orthopnea
25
Q

Untreated Myocarditis

A

long term damage to heart muscles causing increased risks

26
Q

Acute myocarditis

A
  • typically viral
  • Severe complications lead to heart transplant
27
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A
  • Rapid effusion of fluid
  • Excess pressure on heart
  • Reduced EDV and SV

Sack has no stretch (restrictive space). Excess fluid with compress the heart resulting in decreased in CO.

28
Q

Cardiac Tamponade - Treatment

A

Pericardiocentensis (Needle between heart and sack to drain fluid)
Pericardectomy (Emergency surgery; Removal of part of the sac)

cardiopulmonary (21 decks)

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