Chemical and Physical Features Of The World Ocean

Question 1

Water molecules

Answer 1

-Are made of one oxygen and two hydrogens
- hydrogen bonds for between water molecules because of weak electrical charges

Question 2

Elements

Answer 2

Are pure substances made up a single type of atoms

Question 3

Molecules

Answer 3

Are a combination of two or more atoms

Question 4

States of water

Answer 4

-Solid
- evaporation: liquid phase to gaseous phase
- gas

Ice is lees dense than liquid water

Question 5

Water and heat

Answer 5

Water has a high heat capacity which allows water to absorb a lot of heat

Question 6

Evaporative cooling

Answer 6

Is how perspiration keep us cool

Question 7

Water as a solvent

Answer 7

-Water is often called universal solvent
-water is especially good at dissolving salts, made up of particles with opposite electrical charges.

Question 8

Seawater

Answer 8

-Properties of sea water come from the nature of pure water and the dissolved substances.
-Particles in sea water can come from weathering of rocks, or from earth’s interior via hydrothermal vents at the mid-ocean ridges

Question 9

Salt and salinity

Answer 9

-6 ions make up 99% of the dissolved material in sea water
-chlorine (55%) and sodium (30%) make sea water tests like table salt.

Question 10

Salanity

Answer 10

Is the amount of dissolved salt in the water

Question 11

Rule of constant proportion

Answer 11

The relative percentage of various ions in seawater is always the same

Question 12

How is water remove?

Answer 12

Water is remove by evaporation and freezing and added to precipitation

Question 13

Sea water density

Answer 13

-Density (mass/volume) depends on the temperature and salinity.
-It gets denser as it gets saltier and colder.

Question 14

Dissolve gasses

Answer 14

-ocean atmosphere gas exchange is when gas dissolves into the water or released into the air.
-Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen.
-Gasses dissolve better in cold water.
-Carbon dioxide makes up
80% of dissolved gasses in ocean.

Question 15

Transparency

Answer 15

-sunlight can penetrate the water, some colors can be seen deeper than others.
Red disappears first and blue light travels the deepest. Okay

Question 16

Pressure

Answer 16

-Organism in land are under 1 atmosphere of pressure, the weight of the air above them
-Water is much denser than air, marine organism are under much more pressure.
-Every 10 m another 1 atmosphere is added

Question 17

The Coriolis effect

Answer 17

Is the tendency of objects moving large distances on Earth’s surface to bend ti the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left on the southern hemisphere

Question 18

Trade winds

Answer 18

-Winds are driven by heat energy from the sun
-Warm air at the equator rises
Air from higher latitudes rushes in to replace air, causing trade winds
-Winds are bent by the
Coriolis effect.
-Trade winds over ocean are the most stable winds

Question 19

Westerlies

Answer 19

Are at middle latitude and blow in opposite direction of trade winds.

Question 20

Polar easterlies

Answer 20

Are most variable winds.

Question 21

Surface currents

Answer 21

•All major surface currents are driven by wind.
•Coriolis effect causes each layer of water to be pushed at an angle causing Ekman spiral
• Bulk of water moves at 90 degrees to wind direction
• Surface currents combine into huge circular gyres
Westerns sides of currents carry warmer water, eastern sides are cold currents.

Question 22

Three layered ocean

Answer 22

•The ocean is stratified, layered, based on density of the water
• Surface layer is mixed by wind, waves, and currents.
•Intermediate layer has a permanent thermocline, a transition between warm and cold water.
•Open ocean only, continental shelf is too shallow
•Deep layer is cold, less than 4 C (39 F)

Question 23

Stability and overturn

Answer 23

• Stability of a water column depends on the density difference between surface layer and lower layers.
•Downwelling, is when surface water sinks and mixes with deep water
• Mostly in polar and temperate waters in winter.
•Mixing is important for productivity of temperate and polar waters.

Question 24

The great ocean conveyor

Answer 24

•For surface water to sink all the way to the bottom it must be cold and very salty.
• Atlantic near Greenland, Antarctic Water eventually rises and circulates back to the Atlantic.
• Circulation is called Great Ocean.
Conveyor

Question 25

Waves

Answer 25

•Winds also causes waves
•Crest is the highest part, trough is the lowest part.
•Wavelength is distance between waves.
•Waves carry energy across the surface but do not transport water.

Question 26

Seas (waves)

Answer 26

Are being driven by wind, have sharp peaks

Question 27

Swells

Answer 27

Waves move away from wind and settle with smooth round crests and troughs

Question 28

Surf

Answer 28

•As waves approach shore they feel the bottom abs become closer and higher
•Eventually fall and break
•Waves can cancel each other or reinforce each other

Question 29

Tidal waves / Tsunamis

Answer 29

•Tsunami are Long, fast waves produced by earthquakes and other seismic disturbances of the sea floor.
•Fatal tsunamis occur every year or two, Mostly pacific due to pacific rim activity.
•To survive a Tsunami people must evacuate

Question 30

Tides

Answer 30

•Tides are the rhythmic rise and fall of sea surface.
•Tides are caused by gravitational pull of the sun and moon, and rotation of the sun, moon, and Earth
•High tide occurs when a point is under a bulge, low tide occurs under a shallow spot.
•Any spot on earth has two high and two low tides per day.

Question 31

Spring and neap tides

Answer 31

•When the sun and moon are in line, they produce spring tides
• Have a bigger tidal range, difference between high and low tide.
•The tidal range is smaller on neap tides.

Question 32

Tides in the real world

Answer 32

Continents, islands, and shape of sea floor cause tides to vary from place to place.