Topic 2

Question 1

Why did the Earl of Westmoreland want a revolt in the North (3 points)

Answer 1

-Catholic so wanted a Catholic ruler
-Had a less important role in Elizabeth’s government
-Was Warden of Middle March under Mary’s rule

Question 2

Why did the Earl of Northumberland want a revolt in the North (4 points)

Answer 2

-Catholic so wanted Catholic ruler
-Land was taken off of him and given to his rival in the North and a Southern Protestant
-Had a less important role in Elizabeth’s government
-Lost rights to a valuable copper mine to Elizabeth in 1567

Question 3

Why was restoring Catholic faith an aim for the Revolt of the Northern Earls and how did they do this

Answer 3

-The rebels wanted to re-establish Catholicism as the country’s religion
-At the start of the revolt the Earls stormed into Durham Cathedral and held a Catholic service
-They wore Catholic badges and emblems

Question 4

Why was restoring Northern nobility’s political power an aim for the Revolt of the Northern

Answer 4

-Earls had political grievances as QE weakened their powers. She extended central control from London by putting her cousin Lord Hunsdon in charge of Berwick, and she appointed the Earl of Sussex as President of the Council of the North
-Government of the North was carried out by the Council of the North rather than traditional nobility
-May have felt they had to revolt as they feared prison/execution after the Norfolk plan

Question 5

How did James Pilkington help cause the Revolt of the Northern Earls

Answer 5

-Elizabeth appointed him as archbishop of Durham when he was a committed Protestant in 1561
-Elizabeth hoped to lessen the influence of Catholicism in the North but he was very unpopular and turned many Northerners against Protestantism.

Question 6

Why was removing ‘evil councillers’ an aim for the Revolt of the Northern Earls and how did they do this

Answer 6

-They blamed councillors such as Cecil for religious changes and their loss of political power
-Mary I had made 50 Catholic nobles members of her Privy Council but QE only kept 10 and the rest were replaced with Protestants

Question 7

What evidence was there that an aim of the Revolt of the Northern Earls aimed to remove QE and replace her with MQS

Answer 7

-Earls had taken part in a plan to marry MQS to Duke of Norfolk, the most powerful noble in England so she would become QEs successor. However nobles loyal to QE had also been apart of this to force QE to name a successor and they told her about the plan
-Letters in early 1569 between MQS and Spanish ambassador suggesting the Spanish would support a rebellion to place MQS on the throne
-Earls wanted MQS to be recognised as QEs successor and her imprisonment to be ended

Question 8

Why did the Revolt of the Northern Earl achieve nothing (4 points)

Answer 8

-All the rebels ended up fleeing
-They didn’t get Cheshire and Lancaster nobles’ support
-The Spanish didn’t send troops
-MQS had been moved away so they couldn’t free her

Question 9

Revolt of the Northern Earls timeline 9th-15th November

Answer 9

-Lots of the earls tenants and workers joined the revolt and the stormed Durham Catherdral
-Pushed past clergy, destroyed Protestant prayer books and the English Bible, before overturning the Communion table
-They celebrated Catholic mass in traditional Latin
-Cheshire and Lancaster remained loyal to QE

Question 10

Revolt of the Northern Earls timeline 22nd-30th November

Answer 10

-Marched South to Bramham Moor but MQS had been moved south to a prison near Coventry river prevent a rescue attempt
-Earl of Sussex assembled agent of 10,000 men in the Midland and the Earls turned back North
-One rebel group captured Hartlepool hoping the Spanish troops would land and support them, but no support was sent

Question 11

Revolt of the Northern Earls timeline 16th-19th December

Answer 11

-Army reacher the River Tees and the rebels fled
-Earls escaped into Scotland, but Northumberland was handed over and beheaded
-Westmoreland managed to escape abroad
-QE ordered execution of 700 rebels, although the number executed was nearer 450

Question 12

How were Catholics treated after the Revolt of the Northern Earls

Answer 12

-They were treated harsher
-In 1572 Elizabeth sent the Earls of Huntingdon, a committed Protestant, to lead the Council of the North and he implemented laws against Catholics

Question 13

How did the Pope respond to the Revolt of the Northern Earls

Answer 13

-He excommunicated her and called all loyal Catholics to despose her, so they no longer had to obey her
-In 1571 QE made treason laws harsher by making it treasonable to claim she was a heretic or bring papal bulls to England

Question 14

Why did King Philip not want MQS to be Queen

Answer 14

She had close links to France who was Spain’s enemy

Question 15

Who was Roberto Ridolfi

Answer 15

An Italian banker living in England who was one of the Pope’s spies

Question 16

Aims of the Ridolfi Plot

Answer 16

Ridolfi wanted to use Spanish armies to invade England to make Catholic English people rebel against Elizabeth, causing her to be overthrown and replace her with MQS

Question 17

What foreign support was there for the Ridolfi plot?

Answer 17

-The spanish were going to support an army (not enthusiastic)
-Phillip II told the Duke of Alba to prepare 10,000 men to send if necessary

Question 18

How was the Ridolfi plot uncovered

Answer 18

-Norfolk’s servants betrayed him and he was arrested and Elizabeth’s government unwravelled the plot.
-The Secretary of State and information systems helped uncover the plot

Question 19

What were the consequences for MQS and Duke of Norfolk after the Ridolfi plot?

Answer 19

-Norfolk was put on trial, found guilt and was executed
-Nothing happened to MQS

Question 20

What happened with relations with Spain after the Ridolfi plot

Answer 20

-QE expelled the Spanish ambassador but relations with Spain didn’t decline

Question 21

What was the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre and why did it increase fears of a Catholic attack in England

Answer 21

-Thousands of Protestants had been murdered in Paris
-Could have given an example to Catholics in England ideas

Question 22

Who was Francis Throckmorton

Answer 22

-A young Catholic man who carried messaged between MQS and the French and Spanish ambassadors.
-Also in contact with members of the English Catholic nobility.

Question 23

What was the aims of the Throckmorton Plot?

Answer 23

-The aims were to create an uprising in the North of England which would happen with an invasion led by the French Duke of Guise and would be financially supported by Philip II of Spain. Then to free MQS and restore Catholicism.

Question 24

What foreign support was there for the Throckmorton plot

Answer 24

-The Spanish were going to financially support an invasion led by French Duke of Guise
-The Pope knew and approved of this

Question 25

How was the Throckmorton Plot uncovered

Answer 25

-Throckmorton was put under surveillance and then the government ordered his arrest
-His house was searched and papers were found showing plans and uncovering Catholic nobles who were in on it

Question 26

Why was there no popular support for the Throckmorton plot

Answer 26

-It was discovered by Elizabeth’s government before it could reach the public and people didn’t know about it

Question 27

What happened to the Spanish ambassador Mendoza

Answer 27

Expelled

Question 28

After the Throckmorton plot why were there increased fears around English Catholics

Answer 28

-There was an assassination of William of Orange which increased fears Elizabeth was going to be killed

Question 29

Why was the Bond of Association created?

Answer 29

-In 1584, William of Orange, the leader of the Dutch Protestants was murdered by a Catholic
-In response to this and the Throckmorton plot QEs closest advisors drafted the Bond of Association which aimed to prevent any more plots

Question 30

What was the Bond of Association

Answer 30

-Sjgned by English nobility and gentry it required signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen
-anyone who would have benefitted from Elizabeth’s death would also be punished
-Pledged in the event QEs life was threatened MQS was to be executed

Question 31

How does the Bond of Association prove that Parliament was worried about English Catholics

Answer 31

-It shows they were worried because they had to try prevent the plots otherwise Elizabeth, could be killed and they had to act harshly by enforcing execution so the plots would stop.

Question 32

How would the Bond of Association help prevent Catholics Plots?

Answer 32

It would scare people into not trying to overthrow Elizabeth, because they could killed

Question 33

How did the Ridolfi plot pose a significant threat (3 Points)

Answer 33

-Coming so soon after the papal bull excommunicating Elizabeth (1570), the Ridolfi Plot reinforced the threat posed by Mary and Catholics, both at home and abroad
-Reinforced the threat to England from Spain. Already concerned by the Duke’s of Alba’s presence in the Netherlands anxiety about Spain’s intentions towards Elizabeth increased
-The Queen passed on act saying that anyone who claimed she was not the rightful Queen was a traitor

Question 34

How did the Ridolfi plot not pose a significant threat (2 points)

Answer 34

-Foreign support was not clear. The Duke of Alva wrote to Philip II of Spain, suggesting that Spain should only invade after QE had been overthrown
-The plot never reached the public arena and so never got popular support. Not a lot of support from English people

Question 35

How did Protestant MPs respond to the Ridolfi Plot

Answer 35

-They got the opportunity to pressure Elizabeth to be harsher on Catholics
-In 1581, parliament passed two laws against Catholics : Recusants would be fined £20 for attempting to convert people to Catholicism + it was treason

Question 36

How did the Throckmorton Plot pose a significant

Answer 36

-Throckmorton’s papers included a list of Catholic sympathisers in England, suggesting that the government’s fear of English Catholics as the enemy within was real.
-Councillors focused on finding concrete evidence that would incriminate MQS
-Foreign powers, especially France and Spain, were involved in the plots

Question 37

How did the Throckmorton Plot not pose a significant threat

Answer 37

-The plot never reached the public arena and so never got popular support from the English
-Life became harder for Catholics as they were treated with great suspicion by the government and important catholics fled after the plot and up to 11,000 were imprisoned, kept under surveillance or were put on house arrest
-Bond of Association created and in 1585 helping or sheltering Catholic priests would be punishable by death

Question 38

Who was Anthony Babington

Answer 38

A 25 year old Catholic, who had been a page to the Earl of Shrewsbury when the Earl had been responsible for MQS’ custody. He was responsible for sending information to Mary from her supporters in England and Europe, and passing back her replies.

Question 39

What were the aims of the Babington Plot

Answer 39

-Murder Elizabeth
-Make Mary Queen
-Restore Catholicism

Question 40

What did Babington write to MQS in July 1586

Answer 40

Outline of six steps which needed to be taken to free the country from Protestantism

Question 41

How did Babington involve Spain in his 6-step plan

Answer 41

-Spain would invade with an army, successfully

Question 42

What was Babington’s plan

Answer 42

-The conspirators planned to assassinate Elizabeth and give the English Throne to MQS
-This Time would have the support of a Franco-Spanish invasion
-The Duke of Guise would invade England with 60,000 men.

Question 43

What important figure supported the Babington

Answer 43

The Pope

Question 44

How was the Babington Plot uncovered

Answer 44

Spies were places in MQS household who persuaded her leaving and receiving letters in beer barrelled were safe. Letters were intercepted and sent to Walshingham

Question 45

What happened to the plotters after the Babington plot was uncovered

Answer 45

-They were rounded up tried and condemned to death for reason and then executed in September 1586.
-Babington and his accomplices were hung drawn and quartered

Question 46

What were the consequences for MQS after the Babington plot was uncovered

Answer 46

-She was moved to Fotheringhay castle to begin her trial
-Her hearing later many weeks. In late October she was found was guilty
-It was recommended she should be executed

Question 47

Outline how Francis Walsingham intercepted letters and messages

Answer 47

-The plotters had sophisticated ways of communicating: some of MQS letters were smuggled in heels. The government placed informers in suspects’ households to tackle this.
-Walshingham employed a man who re-seal letters so the plotters did not know they had been intercepted and a leading code-breaker who could decipher MQS letter

Question 48

Outline how Walsingham used a network spies and agents

Answer 48

-Agents with code names were based overseas. By 1580 he had agents in 12 towns in France, 9 in Germany, 4 in Spain and 3 in Italy
-In England there were spies in every county and important towns. The Lord Lieutenants of each country and the bishops officially reported threats to Walshingham
-Some informants we’re double agents taking part in plots and sending information to Walshingham
-Some informants were ordinary people paid for information
-Another source of information was Catholic priests that had been captured after being smuggled into england, such John Hart who offered to be a spy in return for a pardon he was being held in the tower in 1581
He used agents provocateurs to arrest/identify threats

Question 49

How did Walsingham use acts of parliament to lessen the chance of an uprising

Answer 49

-He was influential in parliament, throughout the 1570/80s penalties against Catholics were increased, including the execution of priests.
-The 1584 Bond of Association pledged that in the event of Elizabeth’s life being threatened, Mary, Queen of Scots was to be executed

Question 50

How did Walsingham use searches and registers

Answer 50

-Town councils were authorised to search foreigners’ houses. The owners of taverns/inns had any foreigners staying with them
-Customs officials could question travellers from overseas and search them for letters

Question 51

How did Walsingham use ciphers

Answer 51

-He used them in written communications to hide his plans to catch those plotting against QE

Question 52

How did Walsingham use interrogation and torture

Answer 52

-Captured priests such Edmund Campion and plotters like Francis Throckmorton, were tortured on the rack to extract information about their intentions and other threats to QE. They were then executed as a warning.
-In 1580, at least six priests were taken to the and tortured
-Only used torture in extreme cases as he didn’t want people to feel bad for Catholics
-130 priests and 60 supporters were executed during QE’s reign

Question 53

How did Walsingham capture Catholics priests and recusants

Answer 53

-After her excommunication it was believed QE’S life was in danger by the government
-From 1574 the Pope began sending missionary priests
-His spies were so effective as at seizing one Jesuit said ‘the spies so many and diligent as every hour almost we heard of some priests taken’ A special prison was built for them

Question 54

Why was the Babington Plot the main cause for MQS’ execution (3 points)

Answer 54

-Sir Francis Walsingham used his spy network to uncover the plots and Mary’s involvement
-A new act of Parliament had been passed in 1585 : the Act for the preservation of the QE’S safety. Which stated in the event of her assassination MQS would be barred from the succession. Any action against MQS should only be taken once her role has been investigated, held a trial and found guilty
-Walsingham secured written evidence that MQS approved the Babington plot when she replied to Babington in July 1586 that the assassins would need “four stout men furnished with good and speedy horses”. This evidence finally convinced QE to put MQS on trial, and she was found guilty and executed in October

Question 55

Why did other plots mean that the Babington plot wasn’t the main reason MQS was executed

Answer 55

-After the Revolt of the northern Earls the House of Commons kept us continual pressure on QE to execute MQS and increase penalties against Catholics
Parliament secured the execution of the Duke of Norfolk in 1571 and succeeded in passing acts in 1571, 1581 and 1585 which increased penalties against Catholics
-They provided that Mary was a danger to Elizabeth

Question 56

How did MQS’ claim to throne main that the Babington plot was not the main reason for her execution

Answer 56

-She would always be a threat to QE as she was her cousin. Her being a Catholic always ,ade her a large threat as she attracted support from Catholics who were opposed to the Religous Settlement
-Both Parliament and Council believe that the Queen and Protestantism would never be safe while MQS was alive and they wanted QE to agree to her execution

Question 57

Why did QE’s hesitance to execute MQS mean that the Babington Plot wasn’t the main reason for the execution

Answer 57

-QE didn’t execute MQS as it could turn her into a martyr, and it would be undermining divine right. Also she’s her cousin.
-She wouldn’t sign her death warrant until February 1567 and then she refused to send it blaming her secretary for its eventual arrival.

Question 58

Why did foreign relations mean that the Babington plot was not the main reason for MQS execution ?

Answer 58

-The assassination of the Protestant ruler William of Orange, in 1584, and the outbreak of war with Spain, in 1585 made the government more worried about Catholic attacks
-Spain was planning an invasion of England from 1585 and this was clear to Elizabeth and her Privy Council.
-In January 1587, there were rumours that Spanish troops had landed and that MQS had escaped. These reinforced MQS threat

Question 59

Why was QE reluctant to sign MQS death warrant

Answer 59

-She believed in divine right so she felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch. It could undermine her own claim to rule by divine right

Question 60

Why was the Babington plot significant

Answer 60

1. It resulted in the execution of MQS which ended up any hope of overthrowing QE
2. QE’s government wanted to crush Catholicism and there were arrests made of recusants (over 300 in North London and 31 priests were executed)
3. Spain was more likely to help with the plot as they were at war

Question 61

Why was the Catholic threat at home reduced after MQS execution

Answer 61

It ended hope of anyone replacing QE as a Catholic. They had no chance of overthrowing so there were no more major Catholic Plots.

Question 62

How did QE’s government attempt to crush Catholicism after the Babington plot

Answer 62

There were mass arrests of Recusants, with over 300 in North London and 31 priests executed

Question 63

How did Spain and England’s war make the Babington plot significant

Answer 63

Elizabeth’s situation more dangerous as Spain was more willing to help with the Plot

Question 64

Why did MQS’ execution mean there was a larger foreign threat of invasion

Answer 64

-It gave Philip II Mary’s claim to the English throne, and her execution inflamed Catholic opposition abroad

Question 65

How did religious rivalry cause English and Spanish relations to decline

Answer 65

-Elizabeth set up a Protestant Church in 1559 and from the 1570s onwards, began to increase penalties against Catholics. (E.g. in 1581 - Recusants could now be fined £20 and Attempting to convert people to Catholicism was now treason)
-Catholic priests were smuggled into England 1574. They travelled undercover and stayed with well-to-do Catholic families. Homes with priests were raided and those priests caught risked being hanged, drawn and quartered.
-War was inevitable and fears of a religious crusade increased as Philip was a devout Catholic who saw it as his life’s work to return countries to the Catholic

Question 66

What are limitations for religious rivalry being the reason English and Spanish relations declined

Answer 66

-Philip took no action when QE created the Protestant Church, nor when the Pope excommunicated QE in 1570. He didn’t want war with England at this point as he was concerned that an attack on England lead could to France and allying against Spain
-It was a long term cause, not a short term cause

Question 67

How did political rivalry cause English and Spanish relations to decline

Answer 67

-Spain was the most powerful country in the world at this time. They ruled the Netherlands (an important trading country) and owned land in South America. In 1580 he became king of Portugal as well.
-Treasure from the New World made Spain very wealthy and allowed them to build a strong army and fleet.
-QE sent an army to the Netherlands led by the Earl of Leicester. This angered Philip as he saw them as a direct interference in his affairs.
-The activities of Francis Drake in the New World angered Phillip as they were a direct interference in his affairs

Question 68

What are limitations for Political rivalry being the reason English and Spanish relations declined

Answer 68

-Philip was worried about France more at first. He preferred having QE than MQS on the throne of England due to a possible alliance forming between England and France if MQS was queen.

Question 69

What happened with trade and commercial rivalry that decreased relations between Spain and England

Answer 69

-Elizabeth looked for new markets overseas
-Acts of piracy
-The New World offered opportunities to make money. There were valuable crops such as tobacco and sugar cane and huge supplies of silver
-Francis Drake - hired by QE as a privateer. In 1572 he captured £20,000 from Spain. In 1577 he was given and order to attack Spanish colonies he returned in 1580 with £400,000 of treasure and QE knighted

Question 70

How did commercial rivalry decrease relations between Spain and England

Answer 70

-This could decrease Spain’s money from trading if Elizabeth’s overseas markets did well. Presence of Spanish troops disrupted English trade.
-It decreased Philip’s power in the New World if England tried to make money from it and gain land. John Hawkins 1562-64 sold slaves sold slaves to colonists in the new world. 1572 Francis Drake stole £20,000 from Spanish troops in South America
-It meant that his Spanish ships brought in less money it would annoy Spain
-He attacked Spanish ships and seized silver worth £20,000 Nombre de Dios. He captured and stole from other ships which would anger Philip.

Question 71

What are the limitations with the argument that England and Spanish relations declined due to commercial and trade rivalry

Answer 71

-This wasn’t a main cause because it was going on for longer
-Elizabeth sometimes acted on Philip’s complaints against the pirates

Question 72

What was Spain’s control over the Netherlands like and how did this affect England

Answer 72

-Spain had controlled the Netherlands since the 15th century
-In 1566 there was a Dutch revolt and Spain sent an army of 10,000 which was a threat to England as they were so close
-Spain tried to rid of Protestants in the Netherlands, alarming English Protestants and the Privy Council

Question 73

How did Elizabeth apply pressure to Spain in 16th century

Answer 73

-QE wants to avoid war with Spain as they’re powerful and France could help them
-QE puts pressure on the Spanish by stealing, attacking and robbing their colonies in the New World. She also shelters in the sea beggars and the Genoese Loan happened in 1568
-QE pursues friendly relations with France which would put Spain in a bad position. She proposed a marriage alliance to the Duke of Alençon

Question 74

What was the Spanish Fury

Answer 74

-In 1572 Dutch rebels renew their campaign wanting independence from Spain.
-In 1576 Spain are out of money from the campaign and QE. The troops mutiny because they weren’t getting wages and looted Antwerp. 7,000 killed

Question 75

What were the consequences for the Spanish Fury

Answer 75

-All 17 Dutch provinces united against Spain and wanted them gone
-The Pacification of Ghent says they want Spain gone and independence
-Elizabeth sent £100,000 to Dutch rebels

Question 76

What happened after the pacification of Ghent

Answer 76

-Philip agreed to the pacification but 6 months he attacks against the Netherlands
-John Casimir was sent by QE with an army of 6,000 to help the Dutch, because they weren’t part of her army and she wasn’t declaring
-The plan backfired because the army attacked Dutch Catholics, which caused the Catholics to make peace with Spain for protection

Question 77

What happened after John Casimir’s army attacked the Dutch Catholics

Answer 77

-The Dutch made peace with Spain for protection
-Privy Council encouraged QE to make a direct intervention
-She convinces the Duke of Alençon to invade so she’s not directly involved
-The Duke of Parma replaced Duke of Alva and leading the Spanish army an he’s doing a better job

Question 78

How is Spain’s fortune restored in the 1580’s

Answer 78

-In 1580 Philip became King of Portugal
-Alençon comes back and dies after he’s given £70,000 by QE and fails against Parma and went back to France
-A month later William of Orange (leader of Dutch rebels) was assassinated
-At the end of 1584 The French Catholic League signed the Treaty of Joinville with Spain to work together to crush Protestantism
-In 1585 Elizabeth finally sends the English Army

Question 79

What was the Treaty of Nonsuch

Answer 79

In August 1585, QE sent an army of 7,000 led by the Earl of Leicester. This was viewed as an act of war against Spain.

Question 80

What happened after the Treaty of Nonsuch

Answer 80

-1585 QE and Philip see themselves at war
-QE supplied the army with enough to support the rebels but not with enough to try fight Spain
-The Earl of Leicester had some success and slowed Spanish advance, stopped Spain capturing deep water port of Flushing
-Leicester accepts title of ‘Governor General of Netherlands’ from the Dutch which angered Elizabeth and Philip because it seems like England wants to invade

Question 81

Why did England’s preparations mean the Spanish Armada fail?

Answer 81

-QE used the years 1585-88 to strengthen England’s defences. Every country was ordered ordered to provide soldiers to defend the coast, warning beacons were set up and trading ships were converted into fighting ships.
-When the Armada set sail, it was spotted off the coast of Cornwall. The beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to Elizabeth in London. The English were able to set sail from Plymouth and chase the Armada down the channel.

Question 82

Why did ‘The Singeing of the King of Spain’s Beard’ mean the Spanish Armada fail?

Answer 82

-In April 1587 Sir Francis Drake weakened Spain’s preparations for war. Drake sailed into Cadiz harbour in Spain and heavily damaged the Spanish ships (30 ships were damaged)
-This delayed the construction of the Armada by destroying Spanish ships and supplies
-After the attack on Cadiz, Drake then destroyed Portuguese ships with materials needed for making the barrels that like hold the Armada’s food supplies. Finally, Drake captured the San Felipe and returned to England with £114,000. His actions bought QE another year to prepare England’s defences

Question 83

Why did the Spanish Plan mean that the Spanish Armada fail?

Answer 83

-Philip’s plan involved the Armada sailing through the English channel to Calais where the Duke of Parma, and his 20,000 troops, would meet the Armada.
-The Armada would then land in Kent and march up to London.
-English Catholics would rise up and Elizabeth would have to surrender. The plan required good communication for the Armada and Parma’s army to link up. Their timing had to be spot on which it was not. Parma was not there on the day the Armada arrived in Calais.

Question 84

Why did the fire ships mean the Spanish Armada fail?

Answer 84

-On the 21st July 1588, 130 ships, carrying 17,000 men sailed up the English Channel in a crescent formation. This was a strong defensive strategy that made it difficult for the English to attack. On the 6th August the Spanish reached Calais Harbour and dropped anchor. During the night, the English commander, Lord Howard, ordered that eight unmanned English ships be filled with flammable materials such as tar and gunpowder. This ships were set on fire and the winds carried them towards the Spanish ships harbour. The Spanish sailors panicked and pulled up their anchors, losing their tight battle formation. The Armada was then blown towards the coast of the Netherlands. The Armada was scattered and could no longer link up with Parma’s.

Question 85

Why did the Battle of Gravelines mean the Spanish Armada fail?

Answer 85

-On the 8th August 1588, Lord Howard gave the order to attack. The Battle of Gravelines was fought in very poor weather conditions with rough seas and poor visibility. Many of the Spanish ships were damaged or lost and 1,000 sailors were killed. The English ships were faster and had long range cannons which were easier to load than those of the Spanish. No English ships were lost. The Battle of Gravelines did substantial damage the Armada.

Question 86

Why did the weather and wind mean the Spanish Armada fail?

Answer 86

-After the Battle of Gravelines, the wind changed direction and forced the already damaged Spanish ships out into the North Sea. The Spanish leader decided to call off the attack on England and they tried to return to Spain around Scotland and Ireland. Over 40 Spanish ships were wrecked off the coasts of Scotland and Ireland because of Atlantic storms and thousands of sailors either drowned or were killed by the local inhabitants. Over 80 ships made it back to Spain. Elizabeth and her government claimed that Hod had sent the ‘Protestant Wind’ to defeat the the Armada’

Question 87

Why did the leaders mean the Spanish Armada fail?

Answer 87

-The English commanders were Sir Francis, Lord Howard, John Hawkins. QE had picked the right men for the job as they were experienced sailors. QE herself had delivered a speech eleven days before the battle of Gravelines presenting herself as a powerful leader ‘I know I have the body of a weak and feeble queen, but I have the heart and stomach of a King’
-Philip had appointment the Duke of Medina Sidonia as his commander of the Armada, after his first choice died in 1587 (Spain’s leading admiral, Santa Cruz) He did not have a naval background and has been asked to be excused from the position as he had sea sickness

Question 88

Why did the resources mean the Spanish Armada fail?

Answer 88

-The English had 54 battleships and 140 converted merchant ships. The Spanish had 64 battleships and 45 converted merchant ships. English ships were faster and easier to manoeuvre. John Hawkins had designed a new type of English battleship (galleon) that was faster and lower and so the Spanish galleons could could not deal with these new shops nipping in between them.
-Both the English and Spanish had 2,000 cannons. However, the English had longer range cannons and could fire consecutively. This is how the English inflicted so much damage at Gravelines.

Question 89

What were the consequences of the Armada victory for QE

Answer 89

-The victory was used for propaganda (e.g. a new portrait was commissioned and a new medal was made. It said ‘God blew, and they were scattered’)
-QE emphasised that God clearly seemed to favour Protestantism as he sent the wind that defeated the Armada
-The victory also encouraged a feeling of English pride; England had survived an attacked by a more powerful

Question 90

What were the consequences of the Armada victory for the Navy

Answer 90

-The defeat of the Armada also showed the strength of the English navy. By the end of QE’S reign, the navy was playing an important role in attempts to set up an English colony in North America. After 1588, it also gave England the confidence to trade and explore more widely on the open sea. England established valuable trade routes with India and the Far East.

Question 91

What were the consequences of the Armada victory for The Netherlands

Answer 91

-The failure of the Armada encouraged the Dutch rebels to renew their fight against the Spanish. The Anglo-Dutch alliance become stronger than ever before.

Question 92

What were the consequences of the Armada victory for Spain

Answer 92

-Although the Armada had been defeated, Philip did not give up. The war continued for the rest of Elizabeth’s reign. However, the defeat did cost Spain financially and in terms of its power