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Exercise Science 276 > Unit 3 Metabolism Part 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Metabolism Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Essential amino acids

A

cannot be made by the body but essential that they are gotten

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2
Q

nonessential amino acids

A

can be made by the body

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3
Q

peptide bond

A

bonds amino acids

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4
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

1 amino + 1 amino = peptide bond

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5
Q

hydrolysis

A

peptide bond = amino, amino

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6
Q

what are proteins made of

A

amino acids

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7
Q

what are the 3 attachment groups of amino acids

A
  • amino group
  • acidic carboxyl group
  • side chain/r group
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8
Q

what is special about the side chain of amino acids

A

the r group is the only thing that makes each amino acid unique

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9
Q

What happens to digested proteins

A

they are broken down into amino acids and NOT STORED
- instead they ate either oxidized to produce ATP or used to synthesize other proteins

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10
Q

What are the main functions of proteins

A
  • enzymes
  • transportation (lipoproteins)
  • antibodies
  • clotting blood
  • hormones
  • muscle fibers
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11
Q

Protein CATABOLISM

A
  • break down
  • aerobic
  • amino acids converted into other amino acids, ketone bodies or glucose
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12
Q

Protein ANABOLISM

A
  • protein synthesis
  • create new proteins by bonding together amino acids on RIBOSOMES
  • only occurs when they is an EXCESS of proteins
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13
Q

Protein organization

A
  1. primary structure
  2. secondary structure
  3. tertiary structure
  4. quaternary
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14
Q

primary structure

A

amino acid sequence

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15
Q

secondary structure

A

twisting and folding of amino acids stabilized by hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

tertiary structure

A

3d shape of a polypeptide chain

17
Q

quarternary structure

A

arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains

18
Q

where do amino acids enter the krebs cycle

A

anywhere

19
Q

What two words describe nitrogen elimination

A

transamination and deamination

20
Q

Transamination

A

transfer amine group

21
Q

deamination

A
  • aka oxidative deamination (needs oxygen)
    removal of amine group
22
Q

What leaves through the kidney and urine and is used to measure nitrogen levels at the end of nitrogen elimination?

A

UREA

23
Q

Characteristics of Glucose - Alanine Cycle

A
  • slow
  • alanine is the gluconeogenic precursor
24
Q

amino acid -> protein =

A

ANABOLIC

25
Q

protein -> amino acid =

A

CATABOLIC

26
Q

What are the key molecules in the metabolic crossroads

A
  • glucose 6 phosphate
  • pyruvic acid
  • acetyl co A
27
Q

Glucose 6 phosphate is involved in

A
  1. synthesis of glycogen
  2. release of glucose into blood
  3. synthesis of nucleic acids
  4. glycolysis
28
Q

Pyruvic Acid is involved in

A
  1. production of lactic acid
  2. production of alanine
  3. gluconeogenesis
  4. conversion to acetyl CoA
29
Q

Acetyl Co A is involved in

A
  1. helping 2 carbon acetyl groups enter the Krebs Cycle
  2. synthesis of lipids or ketones
30
Q

What is the fasted state

A
  • HUNGRY
  • POST ABSORPTIVE STATE
31
Q

what is the fed state

A
  • FULL
  • ABSORPTIVE STATE
32
Q

Post absorptive state:

A

energy needs are already met by fuels already in the body

33
Q

what hormones are associated with postabsorptive state

A

glucagon and stress hormones - cortisol, epine, norepi

34
Q

What are the actual hormonal regulation steps of the post-absorptive state

A
  1. gylcogenolysis - hepatocytes and skeletal muscle fibers
  2. lipolysis - adipocytes
  3. protein breakdown - skeletal muscle fibers
  4. gluconeogenesis - hepatocytes and kidney cortex cells
35
Q

Summarize what happens when in the post absorptive state

A

the storage form of energy is being broken down to feed the hungry organs (skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver), heart and brain are energy takers to make ATP from glucose, lactic acid and sometimes ketone bodies
- glycerol is broken down in adipose tissue and taken up by liver to make glucose in gluconeogenesis. fatty acids go through beta oxidation
- muscle glycogen is broken to produce lactic acid which is an anaerobic process. and it makes glucose in gluconeogenesis. gluconeogenesis is the only anabolic process

36
Q

Absorptive state

A

energy is used or stored from food

37
Q

what hormones are associated with the absorptive state

A

INSULIN

38
Q

What are the actual hormonal regulation steps for the absorptive state

A
  1. facilitated diffusion - glucose goes into cells
  2. active transport - of amino acids into cells
  3. glycogenesis - liver and muscle cells
  4. protein synthesis - all body cells
  5. lipogenesis - adipose cells and hepatocytes
39
Q

Summarize what happens when in the absorptive state

A

lots of extra glucose triggers insulin so it is stored. the making of glycogen in muscle and liver, making of protein stored in muscles and fats are stored in adipose tissue. excess glucose and glycogen stores are full? more triglycerides are made- mostly anabolic

Exercise Science 276 (5 decks)

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