Ch 2: Origins of Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

Sociologists are ___ the first to talk about society and ask questions

A

not

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2
Q

Society is a type of _____.

A

organism

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3
Q

Auguste Comte reasoned that sociology should focus on:
1.
2.
3.

A

Social Statics
The structure of the organism
Social Dynamics

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4
Q

______ objective measures of the social world

A

Social Statics

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5
Q

Sociologists are _____ that focus on things that can be measured

A

empiricists

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6
Q

The structure of the organism impacts the _______.

A

individual

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7
Q

Auguste Comte argued that sociology should be used to _____

A

better the world and help solve social problems

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8
Q

Use ____ to prevent things from happening

A

patterns

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9
Q

(T/F) Comte’s idea was that sociology should interfere with social processes

A

true

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10
Q

(T/F) Sociologists observe and report. They interfere with social processes

A

False

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11
Q

Who opposed Comte’s idea?

A

Hebert Spencer

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12
Q

Who coined the term “Survival of the Fittest?”

A

Herbert Spencer

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13
Q

Societies ____ and become more complex as they get bigger

A

differentiate

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14
Q

_____ populations put pressure onto social institutions to evolve or change

A

Bigger

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15
Q

Societies live or die by their response to

A

selection pressures

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16
Q

Who was a strong critic of capitalism?

A

Karl Marx

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17
Q

The group who controls the ______ influences other institutions

A

means of production

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18
Q

The social order is imposed by ____ and uses

A

industrial capitalism

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19
Q

The ________ own the means of production and have considerable influence over the lives of workers

A

bourgeoisie

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20
Q

The workers are called

A

proletariat

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21
Q

the group who controls the ________ influences other institutions

A

means of productions

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22
Q

As capitalism advances, the workers are ________ from their labor and become increasingly alienated from their own lives

A

alienated

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23
Q

They lack ________ because capitalist manipulate other instiutions

A

Class consciousness

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24
Q

Examples of other institutions

A

media, government, healthcare

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25
Q

Karl Marx believes that charismatic leaders would rise to lead a revolution that will ___ the oppression of capitalism

A

end

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26
Q

Emile Durkheim believed that social phenomena or ________ are distinct elements of society to be understood on their own and are external to us

A

social facts

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27
Q

As humans interact, social facts persist over time and culture is created, including _____

A

shared values

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28
Q

The shared values and beliefs of people are called ______

A

Collective Conscience

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29
Q

Collective Conscience

A

Collective mortality that is shared by people
Stronger in simple small societies but weak in in bigger complex societies

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30
Q

Max Weber’s conflict theory was somewhere between ______ and _____ in terms of how he saw society

A

Marx and Spencer

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31
Q

_____ motivates social change

A

conflict

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32
Q

Conflict motivates social change, but it’s related to __________ and ______

A

social evolutionary dynamics; social inequality

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33
Q

Who was concerned with bias in sociological research, but also concerned value free sociology impossible because of the material studied

A

Max Weber

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34
Q

Max Weber was concerned with bias in sociological research, but also considered ______ impossible because of the material studied

A

value free sociology

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35
Q

What is an empathetic understanding that comes from studying the subjective meanings that people attach to things to the social world

A

Verstehen

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36
Q

(T/F) Only socially meaningful actions should be studied

A

true

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37
Q
  • Sociology is a science where institutions can be studied and connected
  • Things that society do could be connected to one another
A

Auguste Comte

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38
Q
  • Societal complexity and connections between institutions and phenomena
  • Population can change and restructure elements of the social space
A

Herbert Spencer

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39
Q
  • Inequality and poor living conditions/economic conditions are tied to other processes can influence other institutions
  • Do not ignore conditions
A

Karl Marx

40
Q
  • Social structure would have restrictions on human behaviors
  • Study social world by studying social facts
A

Emile Durkheim

41
Q
  • Study actions and social facts
  • Consider why people do things and not just what they do
  • Conflict is not inevitable
A

Max Weber

42
Q

Scientific explanation with evidence to explain a process or phenomenon

A

Theory

43
Q

What is theory good for?

A

Useful for adding context and explaining findings in research

44
Q

Macro theories are _________ theories that examine the social world processes in abstract and not from the individual perspective

A

big picture

45
Q

_________ in society is an interconnected set of systems that support society and keep it in equilibrium

A

Structural functionalism

46
Q

Society is an ________ that supports society and keeps it in equilibrium

A

interconnected set of systems

47
Q

Social change occurs through _______

A

evolutionary consensus

48
Q

Structural functionalism was derived from _______ and _______.

A

Comte and Spencer

49
Q

The original core of the sociological theory is _______

A

structural functionalism

50
Q

(T/F) Societies are social systems of interrelated parts

A

true

51
Q

(T/F) Institutions are the organs of the integrated systems that perform important social function

A

True

52
Q

___________ are enduring networks of people that perform a social functions

A

Social institutions

53
Q

Examples of social institutions

A

religion, education and law

54
Q

Use functionalism to ….

A

examine the function of an institution or social phenomena

55
Q

Manifest function

A

an institution is doing the thing was intended to do

56
Q

What is an example of manifest function?

A

Kids can read after attending school

57
Q

Latent Function

A

an unintended consequence that isn’t a bad thing

58
Q

An example of latent function

A

Kids learn all kinds of other things that are not intended but good

59
Q

Dysfunction

A

An unintended consequence that is bad

60
Q

An example of dysfunction

A

Kids learn all kinds of less good things at school

61
Q

Conflict theory assumes social change is driven by ______ between groups over limited resources and bot by consensus

A

conflict

62
Q

_____________ assumes social change is driven by conflict between groups over limited resources and not by consensus

A

Conflict theory

63
Q

______ is the driving force of social conflict

A

inequality

64
Q

Marx, Weber, and classic conflict theorists are focused on the relationship between

A

social inequality and conflict

65
Q

The _____ leads to class conflict

A

economy

66
Q

Who focused on the integrative nature of conflict

A

Contemporary theorists

67
Q

Its value as a force that contributes to order and stability

A

the integrative nature of conflict

68
Q

assumes conflict is a permanent feature of social life, resulting in societies being in a state of constant change

A

Conflict theory

69
Q

(T/F) Economic and other inequalities are frequent causes of social change and conflict

A

true

70
Q

What usually discusses power relationships in social institutions and their impact on populations

A

conflict analysis

71
Q

(T/F) Inequalities can increase the likelihood of conflict

A

true

72
Q

(T/F) Conflict is a part of society and does not serve social functions

A

false

73
Q

What often examines the role of inequality in institutional functioning

A

conflict theory

74
Q

Functionalism is another name for _____

A

Structural functionalism

75
Q

Structural functionalism says that society is an interconnected system and it evolves through the evolution of ________

A

social concensus

76
Q

(T/F) We examine institutions and structures based on the purpose they serve

A

False; functions

77
Q

(T/F) Institutions don’t always perform as they should and may have unexpected/unintended consequences

A

True

78
Q

Symbolic interactionism is a ________, so it is focused on the small group level

A

micro level theory

79
Q

______ is a micro level theory, so it is focused on the small group level

A

Symbolic interactionism

80
Q

(T/F) The micro theory does not talking about rates or even statistics in most cases

A

True

81
Q

Interactionists argue that behavior is driven by ________

A

subjective meaning

82
Q

______ is built through social interaction

A

meaning

83
Q

meaning is built through ________

A

social interaction

84
Q

What is driven by subjective meaning?

A

behavior

85
Q

What argues human society is based on the shared meaning of symbols

A

Symbolic interactionism

86
Q

Symbolic interactionism argues that human society is based on the shared meaning of ______

A

symbols

87
Q

Social interaction is not scripted but relies on commonly shared understandings such as

A

signs, language, facial expressions

88
Q

(T/F) The interactionist perspective examines patterns and processes of everyday life that are generally noticed by many other perspectives

A

False; ignored

89
Q

exchange theory attempts to explain behavior and balancing of ____ and _____

A

costs; rewards

90
Q

What attempts to explain social behavior and balancing of costs and rewards

A

exchange theory

91
Q

(T/F) Exchange theory assumes that life is a series of exchanges and that voluntary social interactions are contingent upon rewarding or punishing reactions from other

A

true

92
Q

Exchange theory is very similar to the psychological school of ______

A

behaviorism

93
Q

Social life is viewed as a process of ______

A

bargaining; negotiation

94
Q

Social relationships are based on _____

A

trust; mutual interests

95
Q

Exchanges are _____, meaning that what one person values may not be the same as another

A

subjective

96
Q

Couples balancing housework/chores in their relationship according to meaning is an example of _____

A

exchange theory