Lecture 2 - Reproductive Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone

A

a substance produced by glands that is transported by the blood to exert a specific effect upon another organ

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2
Q

4 chemical classes of reproductive hormones

A
  1. peptides
  2. glycoprotein
  3. steroids
  4. prostaglandins
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3
Q

Peptides

A
  • repro hormone
  • aa building blocks connected by peptide bonds
  • Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
  • small and easy to be degraded
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4
Q

Glycoprotein

A
  • repro hormone
  • 2 protein units: alpha subunit which is common among hormones and beta subunit which is unique for each hormone
  • complex and specific
  • need ALL components to interact with receptors and be recognized
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5
Q

Steroids

A
  • repro hormone
  • lipid of origin: cholesterol
  • enzymatic conversions convert cholesterol into a steroid via a pathway
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6
Q

Steroid pathwya

A

Cholesterol
Pregnenolone
Progesterone
Testosterone
Estradiol

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7
Q

Prostaglandins

A
  • repro hormone
  • PFG2aplha and PGE2
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8
Q

Hydrophobic - lipid hormones

A

-steroids and prostaglandins
-needs carrier proteins in blood
-pass right through cell membrane to ceptors inside

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9
Q

Hydrophilic - protein hormones

A

-peptides and glycoproteins
-free in blood
-plasma membrane bound receptors

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10
Q

Steps of action for protein hormones

A
  1. hormone receptor binding
  2. G protein activation
  3. adenylate cyclase activation
  4. protein kinase activation
  5. synthesis of new product
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11
Q

Steroid hormone action

A
  1. steroid transport- piggy back onto carrier proteins
  2. movement through the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nuclear membrane
  3. binding of steroid to nuclear receptor
  4. mRNA and protein synthesis
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12
Q

5 sources of repro hormones

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. pituitary
  3. gonads
  4. uterus
  5. placenta
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13
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

Class: neuropeptide
Target: anterior pit
Action: FSH and LH release

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14
Q

FSH

A

Class: glycoprotein
Target: sertoli cells in testis, granulosa cells in ovary
Action: sertoli fxn (male), follicle growth and E2 synthesis

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15
Q

LH

A

Class: glycoprotein
Target: leydig cells of testis, theca & luteal cells of ovary
Action: testosterone syn (male), ovulation and progesterone syn (females)

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16
Q

Prolactin

A

Class: protein
Target: mammary glands
Action: lactation and maternal behaviour

17
Q

Hormone released from the anterior pituitary

A
  1. FSH
  2. LH
  3. Prolactin
18
Q

Oxytocin

A

Class: neuropeptide
Target: testicular tissue, uterus and mammary
Action: sperm transport; uterine contractions and mammary cell growth

19
Q

Herring bodies

A

store oxytocin in postier pituitary until release dictated by hypothalamus

20
Q

Two cell types of anterior pituitary

A
  1. Gonadotroph cells = FSH and LH produced
  2. Lactotroph cells = prolactin produced
21
Q

2 ovary hormones

A

E2 and P4

22
Q

Estradiol

A

class: steroid
target: hypothalamus, repro tract, mammary gland
action: increase sexual behaviour, GnRH production and uterine activity as well as mammary development

23
Q

Progesterone

A

class: steroid
target: hypothalamus, uterine endothelium, myometrium, mammary gland
action: pregnancy maintenance = decrease sexual behaviour, GnRH production, and uterine activitity; lactation

24
Q

Testosterone

A

class: steroid
target: hypothalamus, repro tract, muscle
action: male sexuality! increase sexual behaviour and muscle development, decrease GnRH, spermatogenesis

25
Q

2 hormones produced in the uterus

A

Prostaglandin E2 and Prostaglandin F2alpha

26
Q

Prostaglandin E2

A

class: prostaglandin
target: ovary
action: increase progesterone production

27
Q

Prostaglandin F2alpha

A

class: prostaglandin
target: ovary, uterine myometrium
action: decrease progesterone production, uterine contractions

28
Q

Hormone produced in placents

A

Progesterone (some species) and Equine chorionic gonadotrophin

29
Q

Progesteron

A

class: steroid
target: hypothalamus, uterine endothelium & myometrium, mammary gland
Action: pregnancy maintence! decrease sexyal behaviour, GnRH production, uterine activity; lactation

30
Q

Equine chorionic gonadotropin

A

class: glycoprotein
target: ovary
action: maintains progesterone production

31
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • above the hypothalamus btw hemispheres of the brain
  • sensitive to environmental light and change in photoperiod
  • releases melatonin in response to dark = regulates breeding activitiy in seasonal breeders (ex. sheep, goals, horses)