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PSYCH 282 > Topic 8: Respondent Conditioning > Flashcards

Topic 8: Respondent Conditioning Flashcards

1
Q

Operant Behavior

A

behavior that acts on the environment to produce an immediate consequence and, in turn, is strengthened by that consequence

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2
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

occurs when a behavior in a particular situation is followed by a reinforcing consequence, thus making the behavior more likely to occur in similar circumstances in the future

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3
Q

Respondent Behaviors

A

behavior that is elicited by a prior stimulus

an unconditioned response (UR) and a conditioned response (CR) are respondent behaviors because they are elicited by unconditional stimuli (US) and conditioned stimuli (CS), respectively

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4
Q

Respondent Conditioning

A

a process in which a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US)

the US elicits an unconditioned response (UR)

as a result of pairing the neutral stimulus with the US, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that will elicit a response similar to the UR, called a conditioned response (CR)

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5
Q

Unconditioned Responses (URs)

A

the response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (US)

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6
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus that naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UR) because the UR has survival value

no prior conditioning is needed for the US to elicit a UR

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7
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

once established in this way, the CS elicits a conditioned response similar to the unconditioned response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

in respondent conditioning, a CR is elicited by a conditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus acquires the power to elicit the CR by its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus or another conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

Trace Conditioning

A

a type of respondent conditioning stimulus (CS) is presented and then the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented after the termination of the CS

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10
Q

Delay Conditioning

A

a type of respondent conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented and the unconditioned stimulus (US) is then presented before the termination of the CS

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11
Q

Simultaneous Conditioning

A

the process in which the unconditioned stimulus (US) and conditioned stimulus (CS) are presented at the same time in respondent conditioning trails

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12
Q

Backward Conditioning

A

a respondent-conditioning procedure in which the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented before the conditioned stimulus (CS)

this is the least effective type of respondent conditioning procedure

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13
Q

Higher-Order Conditioning

A

the process by which, when a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) a number of times

the neutral stimulus becomes a CS that will elicit the same conditioned response (CR)

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14
Q

Conditioned Emotional Responses (CERs)

A

a type of conditioned response in which an emotional response such as fear, anger, or happiness is elicited by a conditioned stimulus in the process of respondent conditioning

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15
Q

Respondent Extinction

A

extinction of a conditioned response (CR)

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16
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

the process in which, when an operant behavior has been extinguished, the behavior may occur again in the future in circumstances in which it was previously reinforced

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17
Q

What are some factors that influence respondent conditioning?

A

the nature of the US and CS

the temporal relationship between the CS and US

contingency between the CS and US

the number of pairings

previous exposure to the CS

18
Q

Salient

A

a stimulus is salient when it is intense or easily detected by the individual

19
Q

What are respondent behaviors?

A

respondent behaviors are elicited or controlled by stimuli

typically, biologically significant stimuli elicit reflexive responses that have survival value

20
Q

What are some examples of reflexive responses?

A

object in esophagus –> vomiting

loud noise –> increased heart rate & GSR

nasal irritation –> sneeze

light in eye –> pupil constriction

air puff to eye –> eyeblink

stroking cheek of infant –> head turning

21
Q

What was Pavlov’s experiment?

A

performed research on the physiology of digestion

measured a dog’s salivation to meat powder

however, the dogs became “psychic”: salivated when he entered the room, or when they heard his footsteps

Pavlov wanted to use a more consistent stimulus, so he took the metronome from his wife’s piano

dogs salivated to the sound of the metronome

22
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A

stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive response, without any learning or conditioning

e.g. meat powder

23
Q

What is an unconditioned response (UR)?

A

reflexive response naturally elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

e.g. salivation

24
Q

What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?

A

stimulus that has no effect on reflexive responses

e.g. sound of metronome

25
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A

initially neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

e.g. sound of a metronome

26
Q

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

A

response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

e.g. salivation

27
Q

What is respondent (or classical, or Pavlovian) conditioning?

A

entails manipulating stimuli that elicit reflexive responses

the process of associating an NS with a US to form a CS is called “conditioning”

“conditional” = dependent on learning
“unconditional” = reflexive; not dependent on learning

28
Q

What is trace conditioning?

A

NS presented before US; they do not overlap in time

29
Q

What is delay conditioning?

A

onset of NS occurs before onset of US; both overlap in time

30
Q

What is simultaneous conditioning?

A

NS and US are presented at the same time

31
Q

What is backward conditioning?

A

US presented before NS

32
Q

What is highest-order conditioning?

A

if an NS is paired with an established CS a number of times, the NS becomes a CS that will then elicit the same CR

33
Q

What was Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment?

A

baby showed no fear response to a monkey, a burning newspaper, or a white rat

then, when Albert reached for the white rat, they struck a metal bar with a hammer, making a loud noise; Albert was startled but did not cry

when he tried to touch the rat with his other hand, they struck the bar again, this time he cried

in repeated sessions, he was presented with the rat and the loud sound simultaneously

when the rat was presented alone, Albert cried and crawled away (operant escape response)

when presented with a rabbit, a dog, a seal fur coat, or a Santa Claus mask, Albert cried

(operant stimulus) generalization: avoidance response evoked by furry objects
(respondent stimulus) discrimination: Albert played with blocks normally

34
Q

What is respondent extinction?

A

repeated presentation of CS without he US causes weakening of CR

35
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

presenting CS after extinction elicits a CR

36
Q

How does the nature of the US and the CS influence the effectiveness of respondent conditioning?

A

high intensity US, high salience of CS are more effective

e.g. loud thunder (US), bright lightning (CS)

37
Q

How does the temporal relationship between the NS and the US influence the effectiveness of respondent conditioning?

A

NS should precede US; shorter interval is better (optimal at 0.5 s)

exception is conditioned taste aversion

taste of food (NS) + toxins (US) –> nausea/vomiting (UR)

conditioning may occur long after presentation of taste (CS)

38
Q

How does the contingency between the NS and the US influence the effectiveness of respondent conditioning?

A

should occur together on every trial

39
Q

How does the number of pairing NS and US influence the effectiveness of respondent conditioning?

A

more pairings create stronger conditioning

40
Q

What are the differences between respondent and operant conditioning?

A

respondent behaviors are elicited (automatic, reflexive, involuntary) by a CS or US vs. operant behaviors are evoked (voluntary) by an S^D

respondent conditioning involves pairing an NS with a US before a response vs. operant conditioning involves consequences after a response

respondent extinction occurs when a CS is presented without the US vs. operant extinction occurs when reinforcement no longer occurs after a behavior

41
Q

How do respondent and operant conditioning work together?

A

respondent conditioning in Little Albert: white rat (NS) paired with loud sound (US) elicited CER to white rat

operant conditioning: white rat is antecedent stimulus (S^D) that evoked avoidance behavior (R) which produced feeling of relief as a consequence (S^R-) or negative reinforcement

PSYCH 282 (22 decks)

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