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BC4022 KN > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of anatomic barriers in innate immunity

A

Skin, oral mucosa, respiratory epithelium, intestine

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2
Q

Examples of sensor cells

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, DCs

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3
Q

Examples of inflammatory inducers

A

LPS, ATP, urate crystals

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4
Q

Bacteria trigger macrophages to release…

A

cytokines and chemokines

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5
Q

What causes redness, heat and swelling at infection site?

A

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, leading to migration of inflammatory cells into the tissue

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6
Q

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell gives rise to…

A

Common lymphoid progenitor cell or common myeloid progenitor cell

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7
Q

Macrophage effector functions

A
  • Phagocytosis/intracellular signalling
  • Cytokine production
  • Ag presentation
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8
Q

Dendritic cell effector functions

A
  • Ag processing and presentation to T cells
  • Cytokine production/T cell polarisation
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9
Q

What did Elie Metchnikoff discover?

A

Phagocytes (i.e. macrophages) and phagocytosis (innate)

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10
Q

What contribution did Paul Ehrlich make to adaptive immunity?

A

That antibodies ‘see’ antigens specific to individual pathogen types

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11
Q

What did Ralph Steinman discover?

A

The existence of DCs and their role in linking innate and adaptive immunity (DCs can phagocytose antigens AND cross-present to T cells)

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12
Q

What 3 properties determine the immune response?

A

Tissue site, cellular location, type of pathogenic infection

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13
Q

What innate immune cell is the first to respond to an infection?

A

Neutrophil

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14
Q

Neutrophil effector functions

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Degranulation/extracellular killing
  • NET formation
  • Cytokine production
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15
Q

What innate immune cells are important for attacking parasites?

A

Eosinophils and basophils

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16
Q

Neutrophils produce __ via activation of NOX2.

A

superoxide

17
Q

Neutrophil activity increases substantially in what inflammatory disease?

A

Ulcerative colitis

18
Q

What gives macrophages specificity in their ability to recognise and respond appropriately to pathogens?

A

The expression of different families of PRRs on their surface

19
Q

Role of TNF

A
  • Activation of local endothelium
  • Initiation of cytokine production
  • Upregulation of adhesion molecules
20
Q

Role of IL-6

A
  • Triggers production of acute phase proteins from liver
  • Enhances B cell Ab production
  • Induces T cell polarisation
21
Q

Role of IL-8

A
  • Triggers neutrophil chemotaxis
  • Promotes angiogenesis
22
Q

Role of IL-12

A
  • Activation of NK cells
  • Polarisation of T cells to T helper cells
23
Q

Phagocytosis process

A

Chemotaxis, adherence via PAMP recognition, cell activation via PRR, initiation of phagocytosis, phagosome formation, phagolysosome formation, bacterial killing & digestion, release of degradation products

24
Q

2 major mechanisms by which NK cells kill target cells

A
  1. Release of lytic granules
  2. Death receptor
    (in both cases, target cells dies via apoptosis following release of caspases)
25
Q

Examples of DAMPs

A

IL-33, IL-1α, HMGB1

26
Q

Necrotic cells release __ , whereas apoptotic cells do not

A

DAMPs

27
Q

What can be released into the cell cytoplasm if the cell is perturbed/stressed, and what is the result of this?

A

Mitochondrial and nuclear dsDNA - act as danger signals and are sensed by cytoplasmic PRRs

28
Q

What type of receptors on phagocytes link microbe recognition with efficient intracellular killing?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

29
Q

TLR4 recognises LPS in association with which host accessory proteins?

A

MD-2 and CD14

30
Q

What transcription factors do TLRs activate to induce expression of inflammatory cytokines and type 1 IFNs?

A

NF-κβ, AP-1 and IRF

31
Q

Are NOD-like receptors intracellular or extracellular sensors?

A

intracellular

32
Q

What happens when RIG-I-like receptors detect cytoplasmic viral RNAs?

A

They activate MAVS to induce pro-inflammatory cytokine & type 1 IFN production

33
Q

Cytosolic DNA sensors signal through __ to induce type 1 IFN production

A

STING

34
Q

What activates the STING pathway?

A

cGAS

35
Q

Phagocytic receptors on macrophages that bind microbes and their components

A

Mannose receptor, complement receptor, lipid receptor (e.g. CD36), scavenger receptor (e.g. MARCO), Dectin-1 (β-glucan receptor), Fc receptor

36
Q

What GTPase do bacterial peptides activate to stimulate uptake of bacteria into phagosomes?

A

Rac2

37
Q

Rac2 induces assembly of a functional __ in the phagolysosome membrane to generate __

A

NADPH oxidase to generate superoxide

BC4022 KN (6 decks)

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