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BC4022 KN > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Give 2 examples of cell-adhesion interactions that bring T cell and APC together

A

LFA-1 binding ICAM-1
CD2 binding CD58 (LFA-3)

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2
Q

What do low affinity LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions facilitate?

A

TCR recognition of a peptide antigen on APC in the context of MHC

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3
Q

Naive T cell possesses an IL-2 receptor, but only expresses __ and __ chains on its surface.

A

𝛾 and β chains

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4
Q

What does CD28-dependent co-stimulation of activated T cell lead to?

A

expression of IL-2 receptor α chain, resulting in a receptor with high affinity for IL-2

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5
Q

What happens when CTLA-4 binds B7 molecules?

A

It delivers an inhibitory signal to activated T cells

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6
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells induce cell death?

A

(i) Through death receptors e.g. engagement of the Fas death receptor on its surface
(ii) Through secretion of IFN𝛾 & TNF, which can facilitate killing of the cell
(iii) Through release of perforin & granzymes, which activate caspases to induce apoptosis

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7
Q

Stimulation of APC through CD40 increases __ and __ , which both co-stimulate __ .

A

B7 and 4-1BBL
naive CD8+ T cell

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8
Q

Th1 cells are defined by production of which cytokines?

A

IFN𝛾 and TNFα

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9
Q

What cytokine drives differentiation into Th1?

A

IL-12

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10
Q

Th2 cells are defined by production of which cytokines?

A

IL-4, IL-5 and IL-33

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11
Q

Th2 immunity is important against __

A

Helminth parasites

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12
Q

Which T helper cell subset promotes the production of mucus?

A

Th2

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13
Q

How does IFN𝛾 affect macrophages?

A

It drives them towards a proinflammatory state (M1 phenotype)

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14
Q

What cytokines do Th17 cells produce?

A

IL-17 and IL-22

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15
Q

What two subsets of T helper cells are important inflammatory mediators in Crohn’s disease?

A

Th1 and Th17

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16
Q

Th17 cells are important for the immune response against…

A

extracellular bacteria (because they increase AMP production and neutrophil chemotaxis)

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17
Q

What cytokine do T follicular helper cells produce?

A

IL-21

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18
Q

How do Tfh cells help B cells?

A
  • Help B cell differentiation & proliferation
  • Boost Ab production, affinity maturation & isotype switching
19
Q

What cytokines are produced by Tregs, and are they pro- or anti-inflammatory?

A

IL-10 and TGF-β
Anti-inflammatory

20
Q

What cytokine drives differentiation into Tfh cell?

A

IL-6

21
Q

CD4+ T cell subsets can cross-regulate each other’s differentiation through…

A

through the cytokines that they produce

22
Q

How does IFN-𝛾 affect proliferation of Th cell subsets?

A

IFN-𝛾 promotes Th1 proliferation, but inhibits Th2 and Th17 proliferation

23
Q

What two cell types are critically important for protection against viruses and tumours?

A

NK cells & CTLs

24
Q

We can visualise the immunological synapse by staining for __

A

SMAC protein

25
Q

Why is the immunological synapse important?

A

For preventing non-specific killing of cells - delivery of effector molecules is localised to the area of interest

26
Q

Which CD4+ T cell subsets release barrier immunity activating effector molecules?

A

Th2 and Th17

27
Q

What happens when the IL-2 gene is knocked out?

A

impaired Treg cell development and function

28
Q

Mice with IFN𝛾 knockout are susceptible to…

A

intracellular pathogens like Mycobacteria and some viruses

29
Q

What is another name for TGF-β?

A

Lymphotoxin-α

30
Q

LT-α KO leads to…

A

absence of lymph nodes, disorganised spleen

31
Q

IL-5 boosts growth and differentiation of __

A

eosinophils

32
Q

IL-4 boosts growth of __

A

mast cells

33
Q

Th17 cells stimulate recruitment of __

A

neutrophils

34
Q

IL-10 inhibits inflammatory cytokine release from which innate immune cells in particular?

A

macrophages (particularly in the gut)

35
Q

TNF-α knockouts are susceptible to…

A

Gram negative sepsis

36
Q

IL-10 knockout leads to the development of __ in mice

A

IBD

37
Q

What are DAMPs?

A

host-derived molecules (e.g. HMGB1) released by dying cells, which act as danger signals to the host immune system

38
Q

Type 1 PAMPs direct…

A

maturation of DCs (IL-12 & IFN𝛾 release)

39
Q

Type 2 PAMPs direct…

A

mature DC to present Ag (IL-4 predominant cytokine)

40
Q

What dictates the cytokines produced by DCs?

A

The different combinations of PRRs expressed by different subtypes of DCs

41
Q

Which form of IBD is characterised by the present of inflammatory macrophages?

A

Crohn’s disease

42
Q

Which form of IBD is characterised by the presence of neutrophils?

A

Ulcerative colitis

43
Q

Which immune cells serve as sensors for the type 1 immune response?

A

DCs and macrophages

44
Q

Which immune cells serve as sensors for the type 2 immune response?

A

epithelial cells (particularly in lung & gut) and mast cells

BC4022 KN (6 decks)

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