Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ansc 301 > Feedstuffs in Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Feedstuffs in Animal Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is AAFCO?

A

Association of American Feed Control Officials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most expensive part of running a farm?

A

65-75% of input costs deal with feeds. Processing feeds increases this input cost.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a forage (roughage)?

A

A feed that contains more than 20% crude fiber and is less less than 70% TDN (total digestible nutrients)

Roughages account for around 54% of all feed for livestock in the U.S., especially for grazing animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are concentrates? What two categories are there?

A

Concentrates are less than 20% fiber.

The two categories are energy concentrates and protein concentrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a protein concentrate?

A

A concentrate with more than 20% crude protein (low fiber, high protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an energy concentrate?

A

A concentrate with less than 20% crude protein (low fiber, low protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What constitutes fats and oils?

A

They contain more than 50% lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What constitutes minerals?

A

They are less than 20% organic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do forages account for the majority of feed?

A

Pasture, rangeland (account for 36% of feed for livestock, grazing)

Harvested forages (account for 18% of feed for livestock)
- silage
- hay
- haylage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some types of roughages?

A
  1. Grasses
  2. Legumes
  3. Forbes (broad leaved plants like dandelions)
  4. Browse
  5. some byproducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Discuss grasses

A

Grasses are a roughage typically used for grazing or making hay.

Some grasses are annuals, and need to be planted seasonally. Others are perennial, and grow indefinitely.

Some grasses include the cool season (C3) grasses and warm season (C4) grasses.

Grasses have a wide range of nutrient availability affected by:
- age of the grass
- rain
- fertilizer
- soil
- region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some physical characteristics of grasses?

A

long, narrow leaves

cylindrical stems with nodes or seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What’s the difference between C3 and C4 grasses?

A

C3 grow in cool seasons and produce more water and less CO2

C4 grasses grow in warm seasons and produce more CO2 and less water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Discuss legumes

A

Legumes are more upright than grasses because they tend to have more lignin, which provides rigidity.

Legumes often have woody stems and trifoliate leaves.

Legumes have more protein than grasses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the relationship between rhizobia and legumes.

A

Rhizobia are a bacteria that convert N2 to NH4+ for the plant to use. This ammonium is why legumes contains more crude protein than grasses.

The plant supplies energy and other nutrients to the bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Discuss the nutritive value of grasses compared to legumes.

A

Legumes have a greater amount of key nutrients, including calcium and protein. However, legumes also have a higher amount of lignin, which decreases digestibility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What factors affect the nutritive values of forages?

A
  1. Maturity: quality declines as the plant matures because lignin concentration increases
  2. Species and cultivars: some are selected for quality or yield
  3. Leaf-stem ratio: leaves have more nutrient dense, non-structural carbs (mores leaves = better)
  4. Harvest and storage method

These factors are more variable than grains/concentrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Discuss plant maturity and quality.

A

Different species and segments of the plant decline at different rates as the plant matures.

Leaves remain digestible despite increasing age.

ex. Brown mid rib, a GMO corn, has lower lignin and improved digestibility at the cost of reduced structural integrity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Discuss how plant parts differ in nutritional quality.

A

Leaves have greater nutritional quality because they contain more non-structural carbs, more protein, and less structural carbs.

Stems are less nutritious because they are largely composed of vascular tissue and structural carbs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What relationship exists between quality, yield, and plant maturity?

A

As plant maturity increases, plant quality decreases, but yield increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Discuss grains and list important energy concentrates.

A

Grains have greater nutrient availability than forages, and are still a popular feed for ruminants. They are also good for animals with simple stomachs that cannot handle variable forages.

Grains are often energy concentrates.

Some important energy concentrates are:
- corn
- barely
- sorgum
- wheat
- oats
- rye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is corn “king?”

A

2/3 of the corn kernel is starch. This makes it a good source of energy as it is broken down in the small intestine.

Fiber is found in the corn bran.

Fat is in the corn germ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some origins of protein concentrates?

A
  1. Plants (ex. soybeans)
  2. NPN (non-protein nitrogen)
  3. animal (meals)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is protein and N recycling important to ruminants?

A

Ruminants can recycle N and the microbial population can use it to make proteins in the rumen, which can be digested in the small intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are some examples of protein concentrates?

A

soybeans, canola seeds, flax, sunflowers, cottonseed

26
Q

What are oilseeds?

A

Seeds that are high in fat and protein, like soybeans, canola seeds, etc

27
Q

What is gosypol?

A

Gosypol is a phenolic chemical present in cottonseed.

It binds to the amino acid lysine and reduces its biological availability for the animal.

Ruminants are more tolerant than non-ruminants.

Issues that gosypol can cause include:
- green egg yolks due to interaction with Fe
- liver lesions
- cardiac failure, pulmonary edema, and labored breathing (thump piglets)
- decreased reproduction

The issues associated with gosypol is mostly due to raw cottonseeds, therefore, processing is important.

28
Q

What are some byproduct proteins?

A

millfeeds

plant or animal byproducts

29
Q

What is the maillard reaction?

A

In the presence of heat and water, the carboxyl group of a sugar is bound to the free amino end of lysine, making it into a less digestible compound.

If the heat is not excessive, this bond is broken in the acidic conditions of the abomasum, and the amino acids are available in the small intestine. (bypass protein)

If the heat is excessive, and artificial, indigestible polymer is formed. (heat damaged protein)

30
Q

What are some general characteristics of plant byproducts?

A

Low starch content
high fiber
high fat (traditionally, not so much anymore)

Generally, the starch and fats are used for human purposes, leaving behind a low starch high fiber byproduct.

Most mill feeds are used on cattle of hindgut fermenters that have the ability to handle the high fiber thanks to their microbial populations.

31
Q

What two processes are used to process corn?

A

wet milling and dry milling

32
Q

What does wet milling produce?

A

Wet milling is used to make corn starch, corn bran, corn syrup and corn oils. Wet milling is for human food application.

The byproducts produced for animal use include corn gluten meal and corn gluten feed.

Corn gluten meal is often used as poultry feed, and the highly fibrous corn gluten feed is often included in cattle rations.

33
Q

What does the dry milling process produce?

A

This process is used to make ethanol.

The byproducts produced that are used in animal feeds include wet distiller’s grains and dried distiller’s grains.

34
Q

What are some general characteristics of animal byproducts?

A

ex. meals

low starch content
high protein that is also high in quality
variability

35
Q

What are some rules and regulations surrounding the use of animal proteins in feeds, and why do they exist?

A

Animals over 30 months of age are not allowed to be slaughtered for use of their proteins in feeds. No “high risk” protein byproducts are allowed to be used for cows, humans, or pets. Ruminant byproducts cannot be fed to other ruminants.

The reason for these regulations is that on December 23, 2002, mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) was detected in the U.S.

Since BSE does not manifest in younger cattle, this is why the 30 month rule is in place

36
Q

Describe the energy qualities of fats and oils

A

Fats contain 2.25 times the energy of carbs, and are more energy dense.

They work well as pellet binders.

37
Q

Why should fats and oils not be overfed?

A

In ruminants, high concentrations of unsaturated fats are toxic to the microbes and reduce fiber digestibility.

In swine, they deposit the type of fat they’re fed. Too much fat can lead to poor quality cuts.

38
Q

What is rumen protected fat?

A

Ex. Megalac

Fatty acids bound with calcium, which prevents the microbes from recognizing the fat. Therefore, this fat is not biohydrogenated, and is allowed to pass to the small intestine for digestion without being altered.

39
Q

Define drugs

A

Substances intended for use in the diagnosis, care, mitigation, or treatment or prevention of disease; or substances, other than food, intended to affect the structure or function of the body

drugs require FDA approval

40
Q

What are non-nutritive feed additives?

A

any compound added to the diet for reasons other than to supply nutrients

41
Q

Describe the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

A

For animal drugs to be used in the U.S., they must be…

  1. proven safe and effective (for the target animal and when used as labeled)
  2. food must be safe for human consumption
  3. FDA is responsible for enforcement (delegated to the Center of Veterinary Medicine)
42
Q

What are some non-regulated feed additives?

A

flavors
buffers
probiotics and prebiotics
intake regulators
yeast- “armaferm”
fungal products - “vitaferm”
anti-oxidants
enzymes

43
Q

What is GRAS?

A

GRAS = Generally Recognized As Safe

Too add a chemical to this list, it must be …
- submitted to the FDA
- have a compilation of available information on utility and safety that is normally published in literature

For use in a new product, efficacy must still be proven

44
Q

What are some regulated feed additives?

A

antibiotics
ionophores
anthelmintics
hormones
beta-antagonists
coccidiostats

45
Q

Describe antibiotics

A
  • “against life” or “destructive to life”
  • bacteriostatic prevents the growth of bacterial
  • bactericidal kills bacterial

Modes of action:
- control sub-clinical disease
- nutrient sparing effect
- metabolic effect - more ATP

46
Q

What are some issues associated with feeding antibiotics?

A

They can be used as growth promotants

Antibiotic resistance can develop and be transferred to people

We are no longer able to give antibiotics to animals without a veterinary prescription

47
Q

What is the veterinary feed directive?

A

States that no antibiotics used for humans, can be fed with a “growth promotant” claim

Antibiotics can still be used to prevent and treat diseases with veterinary prescription

48
Q

What are anthelmintics?

A

Dewormers that can easily be delivered by feed

Commonly used in swine and poultry diets

Ex. Dichlorvos, Levamisole, Ivermectin

49
Q

Describe buffers

A

Buffers are non-regulated feed additives that can be added to the diet to reduce the acid load placed on the rumen when high levels of grain are fed or when hay and grain are fed separately.

Often used in lactating dairy cows or feedlot cattle during diet adjustments.

examples: Sodium Bicarbonate

Remember, the rumen pH is generally happy around 6

50
Q

How are organic acids used in feeds?

A

They are used to lower stomach pH and improve protein digestion, which helps reduce incidence of pathogens. Ex. citric cid in used in piglet and chick feeds.

In cattle, weak bases are used to raise rumen pH

51
Q

Describe how enzymes are used in feeds.

A

Enzymes are non-regulated feed additives.

A common one is phytase, and it is used to release phosphorous to increase its absorption in the body while reducing its excretion.

Enzymes also help increase the digestibility of non-starch polysaccharides.

ex. avizyme contains xylanase, protease, and amylase

52
Q

Describe feed flavors

A

Flavors are a non-regulated feed additive

They are added to:
- improve uniformity of taste
- mask foul odors
- improve palatability of objectionable ingredients
- attract animals
- help market the diet

53
Q

What are some eating behaviors associated with flavor?

A

Aversion: flavors associated with discomfort will be avoided
ex. ewes teach their lambs to avoid certain plants that can be toxic

Imprinting: flavors associated with desirable sources of nutrition will be sought
ex. sows and piglets fed the same diet have better gain and intake

54
Q

Describe direct fed microbials

A

non-regulated additives

Probiotics: microbes themselves
Prebiotics: food for microbes

Yeast and other fermentation products are also examples

55
Q

Describe ionophores

A

Ionophores are a bacteriostatic antibiotic that allow ions to move through the membranes of gram-positive bacteria. This slows the growth of Streptococcus bovis

They are a regulated feed additive.

Ionophores increase propionate and decrease acetate in the rumen. Propionate is more efficient for rumen fermentation purposes, as acetate promotes carbon loss

Horses are sensitive to ionophores because they absorb them too well, leading to toxicity

56
Q

What is the relationship between ionophores and metabolism?

A

Ionophores increases feed efficiency.

57
Q

Describe growth-promotants like beta-antagonists

A

They shift energy partitioning from fat to lean tissue

They are not an antibiotic or a hormone, and they have no withdrawal time before a harvest

58
Q

What are the benefits of paylean in pigs? Optaflexx in feedlot cattle?

A

Paylean is a growth promotant. Using it requires an increase in dietary crude protein. It increases carcass weight, feed efficiency, and daily gain.

Optaflexx increased carcass weight and feed efficiency.

59
Q

Describe immunocastration of boars.

A

Boar taint is an adverse flavor caused by androstenone and skatole in pork. Vaccinations can promote antibodies against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This causes the boars to continue to grow rapidly, but not have boar taint or a need for physical castration.

60
Q

Describe hormones.

A

They are a regulated feed additive.

There are 24 FDA approved proteins, based on estrogen, androgens, or progestins.

ex. Melengesterol acetate (MGA)
- synthetic progestin
- prevents estrus behavior
- improves gain and feed efficiency
- no withdrawal period
- only fed hormone

Most hormones are implantable, and are often used in beef cattle.

Ansc 301 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions