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GPP MORBID ANATOMY > Mediators Of Inflammation > Flashcards

Mediators Of Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the important mediators of acute inflammation?

A

Vasoactive amines
Lipid products
Cytokines
Products of complement activation

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2
Q

Mediators are either ——— by cells or generated from——

A

Secreted
Plasma proteins

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3
Q

Cell derived mediators are normally sequestered in —— and can be rapidly secreted by ———. E.g ———

Or

Are synthesized —— E.g —,—,— in response to ——

A

Intracellular granules
Granule exocytosis
Histamine in mast cell granules

De novo
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines
In response to a stimulus

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4
Q

What are the sources of Histamine

A

Mast cells, basophils, platelets

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5
Q

Action of Histamine

A

Vasodilation
Endothelial activation
Increased vascular permeability

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6
Q

What are the sources of Prostaglandins ?

A

Mast cells, leukocytes

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7
Q

What are the actions of prostaglandins?

A

Vasodilation, pain, fever

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8
Q

What are the sources of Leukotrienes?

A

Mast cells, leukocytes

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9
Q

What are the actions of leukotrienes?

A

Increased vascular permeability
Chemotaxis
Leukocyte adhesion and activation

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10
Q

What are the sources of cytokines(TNF, IL-1, IL-6)

A

Macrophages
Endothelial cells
Mast cells

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11
Q

What are the functions of Cytokines(systemic and local)

A

Local;endothelial activation
Systemic;fever, metabolic abnormalities, hypotension(shock)

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12
Q

What are the sources of Chemokines?

A

Leukocytes, activated macrophages

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13
Q

What are the actions of Chemokines?

A

Chemotaxis, leukocyte activation

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14
Q

What are the sources of platelet activating factors?

A

Leukocytes
Mast cells

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15
Q

What are the actions of PAF?

A

Vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
Leukocytes adhesion
Chemotaxis
Degranulation
Oxidative burst

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16
Q

What is the source of the complement system?

A

Plasma(produced in the liver)

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17
Q

What are the actions of Complement system?

A

Leukocyte Chemotaxis and activation
Direct target killing(membrane atttacj complex)
Vasodilation (mast cell smooth muscle)

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18
Q

What are the sources of Kinins?

A

Plasma(produced in the liver)

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19
Q

What are the actions of Kinins

A

Increased vascular permeability
Smooth muscle contraction
Vasodilation
Pain

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20
Q

The major cells that produce mediators of acute inflammation are the —— that detect invaders and damage in tissues

A

Sentinels

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21
Q

——— mediators are produced mainly in the liver and are present in the circulation as —— precursors that must be activated

A

Plasma derived
Inactive

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22
Q

Most mediators are short lived. T/F

A

True

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23
Q

The secondary mediators can only have the same actions as the initial mediators and no different or opposing activities

A

False. They may have the same actions but may also have different and opposing activities

24
Q

What are the richest sources of Histamine?

A

Mast cells

25
Q

Mast cells are normally present where?

A

CT adjacent to blood vessels

26
Q

Where can Histamine be found apart from Mast cells?

A

Basophils and platelets

27
Q

Histamine can be released in response to?

A

Physical injury(heat, cold, trauma)
Binding of antibodies to mast cells which underlies immediate hypersensitivity(allergic) reactions
Products of complement called anaphylatoxins(C3a and C5a)

28
Q

Histamine can be released in response to products of complements called?

A

Anaphylatoxins(C3a and C5a)

29
Q

——— secrets histamine releasing proteins

A

Leukocytes

30
Q

Neuropeptides(—) and cytokines(—) may also trigger the release of ——

A

Substance P
IL-1, IL-8
Histamine

31
Q

Histamine causes dilation of smooth muscles

A

False. Contraction

32
Q

Antihistamine drugs are histamine receptor agonists. T/F

A

False. Antagonist

33
Q

What substance is a preformed vasoactive mediator present in platelets and certain neuroendocrine cells such as GIT

A

Serotonin

34
Q

What is the primary function of Serotonin and where is it found?
Other functions?

A

Neurotransmitter in the GIT
Also a vasoconstrictor

35
Q

Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes are produced from?

A

Arachidonic acid present in membrane lipids

36
Q

AA is a 20-carbon ——— acid(——)
Derived from?

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acid(5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid)
Dietary sources or by conversion from essential fatty acid linoleic acid

37
Q

AA occurs in free cells. T/F

A

False. It doesn’t but it’s normally esterified in membrane phospholipids

38
Q

Mechanical, chemical, and physical stimuli or other mediators (e.g.,
C5a) release AA from membrane phospholipids through ——

A

action of cellular phospholipases, mainly phospholipase A2

39
Q

AA-derived mediators, are synthesized by two major classes of
enzymes what are they are?

A

Cyclooxygenases which generate prostaglandins and thromboxanes and

Lipooxygenases which generate Leukotrienes and lipotoxins

40
Q

AA-derived metabolites bind to G protein-coupled receptors on
many cell types and can mediate virtually every step of ——

A

Inflammation

41
Q

What ecosanoids are responsible for the action of vasodilation?

A

PGI2(prostacyclin), PGE1, PGE2, PGD2

42
Q

What ecosanoids are responsible for the action of vasoconstriction?

A

Thromboxane A2, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

43
Q

What ecosanoids are responsible for the action of increased vascular permeability?

A

Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

44
Q

What ecosanoids are responsible for the action of Chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion?

A

Leukotrienes B4, HETE

45
Q

Prostaglandins are produced by?

A

Mast cells
Leukocytes
Macrophages
Endothelial cells

46
Q

PGs are involved in vascular and systemic reactions of inflammation. T/F

A

True

47
Q

PGs are generated by the actions of two ——

A

Cyclooxygenases(COX-1 and COX-2)

48
Q

What COX is constitutively expressed in most tissues?

A

Cox-1

49
Q

What COX generates prostaglandins involved in inflammatory reactions but is low and absent in most normal tissues?

A

COX-2

50
Q

What COX has homeostatic function e.g fluid and electrolyte balance in kidneys, cytoprotection in the GIT?

A

COX-1

51
Q

What are the different structural features of PG?

A

PGD, PGE, PGF, PGG, PGH

52
Q

What are the most important PG?

A

Thromboxane A2, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2a, PGI2

53
Q

Platelets contain the enzyme —— and hence —— is the major product in these cells?

A

Thromboxane synthase
Thromboxane A2

54
Q

TxA2 is a potent platelet activating agent and a vasodilator. T/F

A

False. It’s a vasoconstrictor

55
Q

TxA2 is unstable(T/F) and rapidly converts into its inactive form ——

A

True
TxB2

56
Q

Vascular endothelium lacks —— but possesses ——

A

Thromboxane synthese
Prostacyclin synthase

57
Q

Vascular endothelium is respond for the formation of prostacyclin(—) and it’s stable end product ——

A

PGI2
PGFIa

GPP MORBID ANATOMY (2 decks)

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