14 Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Fossil fuels that produce carbon dioxide on combustion (4)

Answer 1

coal, natural gas, petroleum, fossil fuels

Question 2

Main constituent of natural gas

Answer 2

methane

Question 3

Petroleum is a mixture of ____________ and it is separated into useful _________ by __________ ____________

Answer 3

hydrocarbons, fractions, fractional distillation

Question 4

Fractions of petroleum in order

Answer 4

refinery gas, gasoline (petrol), naphtha, paraffin (kerosene), diesel oil (gas oil), fuel oil, lubricating fraction, bitumen

Question 5

Down the order of fractions of petroleum, what are the trends (2)

Answer 5

boiling point increases
viscosity increases

Question 6

Uses of fractions of petroleum

Answer 6

refinery gas - bottled gas for heating and cooking
gasoline fraction - fuel in cars
naphtha fraction - feedstock for making chemicals
kerosene/paraffin fraction - for jet fuel
diesel oil/gas oil - fuel in diesel engines
fuel oil - for fuel for ships and home heating systems
lubricating fraction - for lubricants, waxes and polishes
bitumen - road surfaces

Question 7

Homologous series (alkanes and alkenes)

Answer 7

families of similar compounds with the same general formula (same functional group) and similar chemical properties

Question 8

Alkanes

Answer 8

saturated hydrocarbons whose molecules contain only single covalent bonds

Question 9

Properties of alkanes

Answer 9

generally unreactive, except in terms of burning

Question 10

Complete combustion of hydrocarbons

Answer 10

–> carbon dioxide + water

Question 11

Alkenes

Answer 11

unsaturated hydrocarbons whose molecules contain one double covalent bond

Question 12

Cracking

Answer 12

a reaction that produces alkenes

Question 13

Conditions required for cracking

Answer 13

Heat
Catalyst

Question 14

Saturated hydrocarbon + bromine –>

Answer 14

remains brown

Question 15

Unsaturated hydrocarbon + bromine –>

Answer 15

changes to colourless

Question 16

Ways to form ethanol (2)

Answer 16

fermentation: glucose –(enzymes in yeast)–> ethanol + carbon dioxide
ethene + steam –> ethanol

Question 17

Complete combustion of ethanol produces …

Answer 17

carbon dioxide and water

Question 18

Uses of ethanol (2)

Answer 18

solvent and fuel

Question 19

Polymers

Answer 19

long chain molecules formed from small units (monomers)

Question 20

Different polymers have different _______ units and/or different ________

Answer 20

monomer, linkages

Question 21

Example of addition polymerisation of monomer units

Answer 21

poly(ethene)

Question 22

Differences between addition and condensation polymerisation

Answer 22

addition - only one product
condensation - more than one product, usually a byproduct of water

Question 23

Example of condensation polymerisation

Answer 23

nylon -(-O=C-[]-C=O-/-H-N-[]-N-H-)-