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biology honors > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

A

Invented the first microscope

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2
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Invented the compound microscope/named cells

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3
Q

Robert Brown

A

Named the nucleus

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4
Q

Schleiden

A

All plants are made of cells

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5
Q

Schwann

A

All animals are made of cells

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6
Q

Smallest Unit of Life

A

Cells

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7
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

ONLY BACTERIA they have a very simple structure and are very old

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8
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Very complex and relatively new, plant and animals

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

The cellular control center, holds DNA

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10
Q

Rough ER

A

Has ribosomes and is a place to assimilate proteins, right next to the nucleus and has ribosomes on it

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesize proteins, has small and large part

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12
Q

mRNA

A

Makes copy of DNA and leaves through the nuclear pores to give info to the ribosomes

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13
Q

Lumen

A

The inner part of the rough er

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14
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, calcium storage

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15
Q

Transport Vesicle

A

Fat bubble made out of membrane to move proteins around

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16
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stacks of sacs that are the “post office” for proteins (tell them where to go, fix them, send them places)

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17
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Mostly water, surrounds organelles, place where chemical reactions take place

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18
Q

Mitochondria

A

POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL does cellular respiration

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19
Q

Lysosome

A

“Garbage can” for worn-out cell parts

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20
Q

Peroxisome

A

Break down things (similar to lysosome) and makes hydrogen peroxide as a waste

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21
Q

Autophagy/Autophagosomes

A

Gobbles up worn out things in the cell

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22
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell suicide

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23
Q

Vacuoles

A

Vacuole:
Storage of stuff
Food Vacuole:
helps digest food
Contractile Vacuole:
Pumps water out of cell

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24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Supporting structure of cell made of microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments

25
Q

Microtubules

A

Part of cytoskeleton, made of tubulin protein, molecular motors

26
Q

Intermidiate Filaments

A

They anchor chromatin and are found in muscle, tissue, etc.

27
Q

Microfilaments/Actin Filaments

A

Made of actin protein, facilitate cyclosis

28
Q

Centrioles

A

Made of microtubules and facilitate cellular division

29
Q

Plastids

A

Luceoplasts and Chromoplasts are storage sites

30
Q

Cillia

A

Short little hairs in a 9+2 microtubule arrangement that moves the cell around

31
Q

Flagella

A

A long tail that moves the cell around (sperm) 9+2 microtubule arrangement

32
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Made of phospholipids and glycoprotein (facilitate diffusion) SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

33
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Connected to the cytoskeleton viz integrin proteins and they give support

34
Q

Endomembrane System

A

The organisms involved in protein synthesis, Nuleous, Ribosomes, ER, Lysosomes, Golgi, Transport Vesicle

35
Q

Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells

A

Plant Cells Have:
-cell wall
-chloroplasts
-one big vacuole
Animal Cells Have:
-centrioles
-many small vacuoles

36
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from bacteria and were eaten by other cells and assimilated into them

37
Q

Why Cells Are Small

A

They are more efficient and can get waste/nutrients out/in faster

38
Q

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

A

Volume increases at a higher rate than the surface area

39
Q

Can Cross Cell Membrane Freely

A

-lipid-like molecules
-small uncharged molecules

40
Q

Need Help to Cross Cell Membrane

A

-some small molecules
-charged substances

41
Q

Can’t Cross Cell Membrane

A

-large molecules

42
Q

Aquaporin

A

channels that facilitate water crossing the cell membrane

43
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules move from high concentration to low concentration HIGH TO LOW WAY TO GO needs a concentration gradient (no energy)

44
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Needs a transport protein but doesn’t require energy still needs a concentration gradient

45
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water (high to low OR low solute to high solute)

46
Q

Hypertonic

A

Contains more solute than something else

47
Q

Hypotonic

A

Contains less solute than something else

48
Q

Isotonic

A

Contains the same amount of solute as something else

49
Q

Lysed Cell

A

All the water rushed in because the cell was in a hypotonic environment and the cell gets blown up

50
Q

Crenated Cell

A

A shriveled cell because it was in a hypertonic environment and the water left

51
Q

Flacid

A

Normal plant cell (floppy)

52
Q

Turgid

A

Stiff with a lot of water (happiest state for plant)

53
Q

Shrivled

A

Shrivled plant cell because the water rushed out

54
Q

Active Transport

A

Moves materials LOW to HIGH and needs energy

55
Q

Endocytosis

A

Transporting things into a cell
-pinocytosis
-phagocytosis

56
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Uses a transport vesicle (nonspecific)

57
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell membrane wraps around thing coming in (non-specific)

58
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

Bacteria uses proteins to get the cell to recognize it in order to get allowed into the cell

59
Q

Exocytosis

A

Moving things out of the cell

biology honors (9 decks)

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