Indiviula Differneces

Question 1

Two types of individual differences

Answer 1

Hardiness and personality factors

Question 2

Psychologists associated with personality factors

Answer 2

Friedman and roseman

Question 3

4 types of personality’s

Answer 3

A,B,C,D

Question 4

What is behaviour pattern characterised by

Answer 4

Time pressure, competitiveness and Hostility

Question 5

Type A behaviour

Answer 5

Time pressured always working to deadlines, unhappy doing nothing
Competitive always oriented toward achievement, play to win
Hostile easily irritated and impatient easily angered

Question 6

What does high levels of type A cause

Answer 6

Increase vulnerability to heart disease

Question 7

Type b behviour

Answer 7

Less competitive, less hostile and more patient , easy going

Question 8

Type c personality

Answer 8

• Suppress emotions, non assertive, likeable people
• cope with stress in a way that gnomes own needs in order to please other

Question 9

What has type c behaviour been linked to

Answer 9

• linked to cancer
• research suggest chronic stressors affect the immune system and increase risk of cancer
• women whose breast lumps were found to be cancerous were also found to have expressed lower level of anger type c suggest link between cancer and anger suppression

Question 10

Type D personality

Answer 10

Like routine and not change, shy away from responsibility, highly obedient because the lack self assurance and fear rejection and become stress

Question 11

What are type D personality’s prone to

Answer 11

cardiovascular disease up to 53% of cardiac patients are type D supporting assumption type D personality might be linked with increase for cardiovascular dieses

Question 12

Key study for personality types

Answer 12

Friedman and rosenman
Aim: link between type A personality with CHD
Prodcedure:
- longitudinal study 3000 men aged 39-59
- examined signs of CHD to excluded individual already showing signs of CHD
- personalities types assed via interview, 25 questions and how they respond to everyday pressure
- interview conducted in a way to provocative way to elicit type A behaviour
- men categories in either type A or B

Found:
- after 81/2 years 257 developed CHD
- 12% type A Experience heart attack compared to 6% type B
- Type A higher blood pressure and higher cholesterol
- twice as many type A died of a cardiovascular problems

Conclusion:
- suggest personality traits are at risk of developing stress related illness and that psychological factors can have a physiological effect

Question 13

Evaluation of personality types

Answer 13

Gender bias
- resend conducted on males therefore difficult to make assumptions about whether female type A Personality are also at a higher risk of devilling cardiovascular dieses

Direct link between personality and illness
- supported to by research people with depression 41% more sticky platelet in their blood linked to cardiovascular than non depressives
- patients platters dropped when on antidepressants
- mood seems to influence the body’s stress response directly

Question 14

Who developed hardy personality

Answer 14

Kobasa and maddi

Question 15

What is hardiness

Answer 15

A range of personality characteristics which help prevent us from feeling stressed

Question 16

What are the characteristics of hardiness

Answer 16

Control
- believe you have control over what happens in your life rather than thinking it was controlled by external factors

Commitment
- sense of Involvement with the world around you
- describes people with a strong sense of purpose in their activities

Challenge
- whether you see the problem that will face you as a challenge to be overcome or a threat/stressor

Question 17

Key research for hardiness

Answer 17

Kobasa
- studied 800 American business executives
- assessed stress using homes and Ralph’s SRRS
- 150 patients classified as high stress according to their SRRS scores some had low illness record and some had high

Found:
- individuals high stress/low illness group scored high on all characteristics of hardy personality
- individuals high stress/ high illness group scored lower on these

Conclusion:
- suggests something else modifying stress as I divulge experiencing same stress levels had different illness records
- believed hardy personality encourages resilience

Question 18

Supporting research for hardy personality

Answer 18

Lifton et al
measured hardiness 5 US university to see if hardiness was related to the likelihood of completing their degree found students low in hardiness were disproportionally reps resented in the drop outs and students high in hardiness were more likely to succeed

Question 19

Evaluation of hardiness

Answer 19

Correlational
- cannot be sure that is was hardiness that had the beneficial effect in health or greater health making people hardier
- perhaps hardy people are more likely to look after their health

Gender differences
- hardiness only found to offer as a buffering effect against stress in men suggest that hardy women are less protected against the effects of stress related illness so hardiness doesn’t apply to both genders

Self report
- self report questionnaires which are completed retrospectively
- ptps might not recall any stress related illness accurately or may not be honest about the extent they are effect by them
- negative effect on validity of research about hardiness