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Forensic Science - 2023 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who established the first workable crime laboratory?

A

Locard

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2
Q

What three things can be rightfully cited as an explanation for the rapid growth of crime labs during the last 40 years?

A

1) Staggering increase in crime rates in the United States
2) Supreme Court decisions in the 1960s
3) Advent of DNA profiling

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3
Q

Who devised a technique for determining the blood group of a dried bloodstain, which he applied to criminal investigations?

A

Lattes

THINK: blood latte

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4
Q

In the case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical, Inc., the U.S. Supreme Court advocated that a “gatekeeper” determine the admissibility and reliability of scientific evidence. This gatekeeper is the:

A

Trial judge

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5
Q

What supreme court case determines that the trial judge is the gatekeeper who is responsible for determining the admissibility and reliability of scientific evidence?

A

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical, Inc.

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6
Q

The current system of crime laboratories in the United States can best be described as:

A

Decentralized

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7
Q

Who established the comparison microscope as the indispensable tool of the modern firearms examiner?

A

Goddard

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8
Q

Who wrote the first treatise describing the application of science to the field of criminal investigation?

A

Gross

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9
Q

Specially trained personnel called ________ are employed by some crime laboratories on 24-hour call to retrieve evidence and have all the proper tools and supplies for proper collection and packaging of evidence at their disposal.

A

Evidence technicians

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10
Q

What are evidence technicians?

A

Specially trained personnel who are employed by some crime laboratories on 24-hour call to retrieve evidence and have all the proper tools and supplies for proper collection and packaging of evidence at their disposal.

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11
Q

Who undertook the first definitive study of fingerprints as a method of personal identification?

A

Galton

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12
Q

Which would NOT be included in the work of the biology unit of a crime lab?
DNA profiling
Fingerprint analysis
Comparison of hairs
Blood typing

A

Fingerprint analysis

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13
Q

Who developed the system known as anthropometry?

A

Bertillon

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14
Q

What is anthropometry?

A

the scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body

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15
Q

Which unit applies principles and techniques of chemistry, physics, and geology to the identification and comparison of crime scene evidence?
Toxicology
Forensic geology
Biology
Physical science

A

Physical science

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16
Q

Which specialized area of forensic science examines the relationship between human behavior and legal proceedings?

A

Forensic psychiatry

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17
Q

The case of Coppolino v. State highlights issues dealing with:
The admissibility of the polygraph.
The acceptability of new scientific tests.
Search and seizure.
The evidential value of confessions.

A

The acceptability of new scientific tests.

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18
Q

The exchange of evidence principle was theorized by:

A

Locard.

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19
Q

The scientific method requires that scientific evidence be validated by what three things?

A

1) Formulating hypotheticals.
2) Formulating pertinent questions.
3) Performing experiments.

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20
Q

Who is known as the “father of forensic toxicology”?

A

Orfilia

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21
Q

Bite marks would be LEAST likely to be found in cases involving:

A

Arson

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22
Q

The judicial case that set forth the most current guidelines for determining the admissibility of scientific examinations in the federal courts is:

A

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals

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23
Q

Which of the following services are typically provided to law enforcement by crime laboratories?
Psychology
Odontology
Pathology
Criminalistics

A

Criminalistics

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24
Q

The oldest forensic laboratory in the United States is that of the:

A

Los Angeles Police Department

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25
Q

What three factors does the court usually take into consideration as sufficient grounds for qualification as an expert witness?

A

1) Experience
2) Education
3) Training

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26
Q

The lay witness provides testimony that relies on:

A

Personal Knowledge

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27
Q

The necessity for the forensic scientist to appear in court comes from the U.S. Supreme Court case:

A

Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts

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28
Q

A crime scene which involved the collapse of a structure would be analyzed by specialists in the area of:

A

Forensic engineering

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29
Q

Which search pattern is most reliant on the boundaries established?

A

Line

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30
Q

After providing or obtaining medical assistance for the injured and effecting an arrest of suspects (if possible), the first officer arriving at a crime scene should immediately:

A

Secure the Scene

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31
Q

At an arson scene, the collection of a substrate control would require the arson investigator to:

A

Collect a piece of the surface material near the fire’s origin that he or she believes was not exposed to the accelerant

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32
Q

Police barricades, and the strategic positioning of guards, will prohibit access to the crime scene for:

A

All unauthorized personnel

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33
Q

The crime scene notes must accurately record what three things?

A

1) Descriptions of evidence present at the crime scene.
2) The tasks assigned each investigator.
3) Personnel arrivals and departures from the scene.

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34
Q

The best way to guarantee that the evidence will withstand inquiries about what happened to it from the time of its finding to its presentation in court is to do what three things?

A

1) Properly record the crime scene.
2) Properly complete evidence submission forms.
3) Properly mark evidence for identification.

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35
Q

All of the following items may be placed in an airtight container EXCEPT:
Blood-stained clothing.
Hairs and fibers.
Charred debris recovered from a fire.
Glass.

A

Blood-stained clothing.

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36
Q

Special circumstances at a crime scene may require the use of the following for evidence collection, EXCEPT:
Coveralls.
Biohazard packages.
Particle masks.
All of the above may be required.

A

All of the above may be required.

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37
Q

The conditions at a crime scene can be compromised by all of the following actions EXCEPT:
Turning on a faucet on the crime scene.
Smoking at the crime scene.
Eating food at the crime scene.
Taking photographs at the crime scene.

A

Taking photographs at the crime scene.

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38
Q

Changes to evidence, such as contamination, can be prevented by handling evidence with what two things?

A

Latex gloves and Disposable forceps

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39
Q

Digital crime scene photographs require special measures to assure their admissibility in court due to:

A

The ability to manipulate the images

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40
Q

The most basic methods of crime scene recording do NOT include:
Infrared analysis.
Photographs.
Narrated videotapes.
Note-taking.

A

Infrared analysis

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41
Q

Which crime scene search pattern does NOT require more than one investigator?

A

Line

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42
Q

The presence of blood and semen at crime scenes exposes investigators to what two things?

A

AIDS and Hepatitis B

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43
Q

Which U.S. Supreme Court decision which dealt with the impropriety of the warrantless collection of physical evidence at a homicide scene?

A

Mincey v. Arizona

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44
Q

The search pattern in which one or two investigators start at the boundary at one end of the scene and walk straight across to the other side is:

A

Line

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45
Q

When biological samples of unknown origin are discovered at a crime scene, investigators:

A

Should assume pathogens are present and treat the sample as such

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46
Q

The location of an item of evidence on a crime scene sketch is shown by its distance from points of reference that:

A

Are fixed or immovable

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47
Q

Which search pattern would be best suited for a crime scene where many investigators are available to search a large area?

A

Zone

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48
Q

The advantages of tape-recording crime scene notes on an audio tape include:

A

The notes are recording as the observations are made.

The investigator’s hands are free to carry out other tasks while recording the notes.

Audio tapes have the added security feature of preventing erasure or taping over if the security tab on the tape.

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49
Q

Evidence commonly located during a vehicle search includes all of the following EXCEPT:
Fibers.
Paint evidence.
Broken glass.
Questioned documents.

A

Questioned documents.

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50
Q

Charred debris from an arson scene should be:

A

Packaged in airtight glass jars

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51
Q

Videotapes of the crime scene:

A

Must be complemented by a hard copy of notes and separate still photographs

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52
Q

The examination of a paint chip found on a hit-and-run victim’s garment side-by-side with paint removed from a vehicle suspected of being involved in the incident is an example of:

A

Comparison

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53
Q

To calculate the overall frequency of occurrence of a blood type in a population, the ________ can be applied by using a series of blood factors that occur independently of each other.

A

Product Rule

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54
Q

The “jigsaw fit” of known and questioned fragments is important for court presentation primarily because:

A

This method will definitely demonstrate common origin when a match is made

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55
Q

The value of class physical evidence lies in its ability to:

A

Corroborate events with data in a manner nearly without bias

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56
Q

Evidence having class characteristics can:

A

Exonerate an innocent suspect

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57
Q

Which source of CODIS contains DNA profiles from unsolved crime scene evidence?

A

Forensic index

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58
Q

Evidence with individual characteristics can lead to a determination of common origin (single source). Which type of evidence CANNOT yield such results?
Single-layer paints
Random striations on tools
Wear patterns on tires
Fingerprints

A

Single-layer paints

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59
Q

Forensic databases are maintained for all of the following EXCEPT:
DNA.
Automotive paint.
Fingerprints
Dental impressions.

A

Dental impressions

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60
Q

Who ultimately determines the significance of physical evidence in a trial?

A

The Jury

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61
Q

If the laboratory can piece broken glass from a window or headlight together, then the evidence has ________ characteristics.

A

Individual

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62
Q

A comparison analysis subjects a suspect specimen and a control specimen to the same tests and examinations for the ultimate purpose of determining:

A

whether or not they have a common origin

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63
Q

The corroborative use of physical evidence means that it can be used to:

A

Support other investigative findings

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64
Q

The likelihood of finding class physical evidence is ________ the likelihood of finding physical evidence with individual characteristics.

A

Greater than

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65
Q

Multiplying together the frequencies of independently occurring factors is called the:

A

Product Rule

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66
Q

What is the product rule?

A

Multiplying together the frequencies of independently occurring factors

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67
Q

Physical evidence is considered to have ________ as that of eyewitness (testimonial) evidence

A

Greater value

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68
Q

Paint chips, random glass fragments, and synthetic fibers all exhibit:

A

Class characteristics.

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69
Q

When a forensic analyst determines the chemical composition of preparations that may contain illicit drugs such as heroin, cocaine, or barbiturates, this is an example of:

A

Identification.

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70
Q

What three methods can be used in making an identification of a deceased individual?

A

1) Facial reconstruction
2) Dental examination
3) Fingerprinting

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71
Q

Partially digested or dissolved pills can be seen in the:

A

stomach

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72
Q

A body that displays a cherry-red discoloration might lead a pathologist to suspect poisoning by:

A

Carbon monoxide

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73
Q

Defense wounds are most typically seen on the:

A

hands

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74
Q

A pathologist would expect rigor mortis to disappear after ________ hours.

A

36

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75
Q

Time of death can be approximated by analyzing the vitreous humor and the levels of:

A

Potassium

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76
Q

Which should be performed first at a death scene?

A

Secure the Scene

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77
Q

What does hemoglobin transport in the blood?

A

Oxygen

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78
Q

What two factors can help to determine if a victim was alive during a fire?

A

Soot and Levels of carbon monoxide in the body

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79
Q

What part of the victim’s body is often bagged in order to prevent loss of trace evidence?

A

Hands

80
Q

Death intentionally caused by another person is typically ruled a(n):

A

Homicide

81
Q

Toxicological specimens are taken at which stage of the death investigation?

A

Internal examination

82
Q

Homicide, suicide, accident, natural, and undetermined are all categories of:

A

Manner of Death

83
Q

Putrefaction and autolysis are two types of ________ processes.

A

Decomposition

84
Q

Evidence of tampering with the position of a body after death can be obtained by evaluating the:

A

Livor mortis

85
Q

The rate of cooling of a dead body can be influenced by all BUT the:
Location.
Size of body.
Gender of victim.
Weather conditions.

A

Gender of victim

86
Q

Why are expert witnesses important?

A

They help to sway the jury

87
Q

What is the Frye Standard?

A

Requires that any evidence brought into the ocurtroom should be generally accepted by the scientific community

88
Q

What are substrate controls?

A

Uncontaminated surface material taken from an area close to where other physical evidence was found

testing samples aside from the main piece of evidence to use as a point of refrence

89
Q

When enacting _______ privledges, the officers on the scene are:

A

4th amendment

the determining factor of probable cause

you can be detained for probably cause without consent and not be searched

90
Q

How do you determine the angle of blood splatter impact?

A

sin angle = width/height

inverse sin (sin -1) = angle of impact

sin angle should always be a decimal

91
Q

What is the largest of the velocity impact droplets?

A

Low Velocity

92
Q

What types of impacts are low velocity?

A

transfer stains
drip trails
flow patterns

93
Q

What types of impacts are medium velocity?

A

blunt force truama
arterial spray
cast off stains

94
Q

What types of stains are small and have a mist like appearence?

A

High velocity stains

95
Q

What types of impacts are high velocity?

A

gun shot wounds
explosions
expiated blood patterns

96
Q

What are void patterns good for?

A

helping to determine if something/ someone was moved

97
Q

What is the difference between a forensic autopsy and a clinical autopsy?

A

Forensic autopsy stops when evidence is. found to maintain a chain of custody and the integrity of evidence

Clinical autopsy is not worried about holding up in court so it does none of the above

98
Q

What do toxicology screens typically look for?

A

drugs in the bloodstream

99
Q

What is a metabolite of a drug?

A

something your body changes about the drug

100
Q

Define cause of death:

A

what was the injury

101
Q

Define manner of death:

A

was it/ what was the purpose

102
Q

What is asphyxia?

A

anything that cuts off blood supply to your body

103
Q

What are some examples of asphyxia?

A

toxic gas
chocking
carbon monoxide

104
Q

What are the five categories of manner of death?

A

Homicide
Suicide
Accidental
Natural
Undetermined

105
Q

What is Algor Mortis?

A

body temperature

106
Q

What is Livor Mortis?

A

blood pooling

107
Q

How is Livor Mortis caculated?

A

uses blanching to gauge how long it has been since the death

108
Q

What is blanching?

A

a whitish discoloration that results when pressure is applied to the skin

109
Q

What is Rigor Mortis?

A

stiffening of body parts

110
Q

What are the two methods of decomposition?

A

autolysis and putrefaction

111
Q

What is autolysis?

A

digestion by enzymes on cells

occurs quickly

112
Q

What is putrefaction?

A

decomposition by micro organisms like bacteria

occurs slowly

113
Q

What is forensic entomology?

A

study of insect to find and analyze crime scenes

114
Q

Who is usually the first to a crime scene?

A

Insects bc they use chemical markers to find the dead bodies

115
Q

What is the PMI?

A

post mortem interval

min and max time since death as determined by inset evidence

116
Q

What five things do you need to know to determine the PMI?

A

1) species of the oldest insect present
2) more than one insect present
3) how the species develops
4) temperature of the environment around the body
5) oldest insect stage of whatever insect is being used

117
Q

What do anthropologists do?

A

use bone to determine age, sex, and possibly recover DNA if there is still tissue present on the bone

118
Q

What is important to know when distinguishing gender in a pelvis?

A

the sciatic notch, subpubic angle, and pelvic outlet are wider in females and more narrow in males

119
Q

What five things are important to remember when determining gender in a skull?

A

Male suklls have:
- larger in size with more pronounced muscle
- more prominent supraorbital ridge
- more rounded upper orbital margin
- more square chin
- wider and more flared ramus

120
Q

What bones tend to fuse first and last?

A

first: elbows
last: shoulders

121
Q

What is bertillionage?

A

body measurements

122
Q

What is serology?

A

study of body fluids

123
Q

What is trace evidence?

A

deals with the minute transfers of materials that cannot be seen with the unaided eye

created when objects make contact

124
Q

What is forensic odontology?

A

the application of dentistry to crime scenes and the law

i.e. bite marks

125
Q

Who started the FBI and how has it changed since its development?

A

Hoover

temporarily in place to deal with crime
became more localized
state by state jurisdiction

126
Q

Who is Bertillion?

A

first system of personal identification; bodily measurements

id/ measurements

127
Q

Who is Galton?

A

first classification of finger prints

128
Q

Who is Goddard?

A

father if ballistics

could determine bullet origin

129
Q

Who is Osborn?

A

document cross examination

130
Q

Who is McCrone?

A

used microscope to examine evidence in detail

131
Q

Who is Orfila?

A

father of toxicology

132
Q

Who is Galton?

A

first classification of fingerprints

133
Q

Who is Lattes?

A

developed a procedure to determine blood type from blood stains

134
Q

What is a Buccal swab?

A

DNA sample from a cheek swab

135
Q

Who is Gross?

A

wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific disciplines to the field of criminal investigation

136
Q

Who is Locard?

A

created the first crime laboratory

He formulated the basic principle of forensic science: “Every contact leaves a trace”. This became known as Locard’s exchange principle

137
Q

Why have the number of crime labs increased?

A

supreme court in the 1960’s

emphasis on scientific evidence
more drug testing facilities
DNA profiling

138
Q

What is the difference between federal, state, and local crime labs?

A

government, funding, and more jurisdiction

139
Q

What does it mean to release a crime scene and what needs to happen before this can occur?

A

it will no longer stay a crime scene

final sweep
evidence collection

140
Q

What does it mean to maintain the chain of custody?

A

It tracks who, what, or where the evidence is

141
Q

What is IAFIS?

A

fingerprint database

142
Q

What is CODIS?

A

combined DNA index

143
Q

What is NIBIN?

A

Ballistics database

144
Q

What is SICAR?

A

shoeprint database

145
Q

What is PDQ?

A

paint database

146
Q

What are class characteristics?

A

properties of physical evidence that can be associated only with a group and never with a single source

147
Q

What is class evidence?

A

substances such as blood, paint, and hair, which can be used to place an individual in a general class but cannot be used to identify an individual

148
Q

How are exclusions and linkages inportant in investigations?

A

looking at abilities and connections

149
Q

Describe the two steps in the process of comparison.

A

combining select properties that are chosen from the suspect and standard reference

150
Q

What is skeletonization?

A

a pool of blood that has started to dry and is them smeared

151
Q

What does expiated mean?

A

micro drops that are exhaled from a nose, or are coughed up through a mouth

152
Q

Who are the three major groups of people usually involved with crime scene reconstruction?

A

law enforcement
medical examiner
criminalist

153
Q

How does the physical nature of the target surface affect the resulting spatter of a blood drop?

A

hard and smooth = less splatter
rough = more splatter

154
Q

How can an investigator tell the direction of travel of blood from the shape of a blood stain?

A

the direction of the tail

where gravity pulls

155
Q

Which type of splatter is more likely to be deposited on the object or person of impact?

A

back splatter

156
Q

What is ossification?

A

cartilage that turns to bone

157
Q

What information about a corpse can be determined using insects? (4 things)

A

1) min and max time of death
2) what happened to the person before death
3) if the body was moved
4) cause of death

158
Q

What are the four pieces of info needed to determine time of death by insect?

A

1) oldest stage of the insect on the body
2) insect species
3) temperature data
4) development date

159
Q

Where on a corpse are insects most likely to colonize first and why?

A

Any sort of open wound (no matter the size), the mouth, eye sockets, or nose because they want to lay eggs by a warm and wet place

160
Q

What is the CSI effect?

A

thinking you know the information about forensic because of TV shows like CSI

161
Q

What does a forensic scientist not do?

A

Everything… there are speciality roles

Don’t arrest, chase, or solve whole cases

162
Q

What three factors determine the admissibility of evidence?

A

legally obtained (warrant)
expert witness
chain of custody

163
Q

What did the Frye case do?

A

set guidelines for admissibility of evidence

164
Q

What did the daubert case do?

A

set the judge as the gatekeeper to determine admissibility of evidence

165
Q

What are the implications of not maintaining chain of custody when handling evidence?

A

it can not hold up in court

166
Q

What is the most important prereq for photographing a crime scene and why?

A

securing the scene to make sure everything is as un touched in the photos to prevent admissibility and tampering

167
Q

How are linkages and exclusions important in investigations?

A

related and unrelated to case to narrow down suspects

168
Q

Why are some jurists wary of allowing unconditional use of scientific evidence in court?

A

tampering

not understanding the science which can accidentally lead to biasing someone

169
Q

What does a blood splatter trail do?

A

point in the direction of travel

because of gravity

170
Q

What is the difference between forward and back splatter?

A

direction of travel

171
Q

As velocity and force increase what happens to blood droplets?

A

they get smaller

172
Q

Name two ways to distinguish expirated blood from other types of bloodtsains:

A

lighter
less of it (mist-like) because it is diluted by siliva

173
Q

How does the first transfer pattern in a series differ from subsequent ones?

A

First is stronger/darker/more refined and it gets less and less as it goes on

174
Q

What is a flow pattern?

A

blood pooling out of the body based on gravity

175
Q

What would one think if a flow pattern found on a body does not appear consistent with the direction of gravity?

A

that the body had been moved

176
Q

Name the differences between external and internal examination during an autopsy:

A

external: stab wounds and such noticed before cutting the body open
internal: cut open body and blood sample tests

177
Q

What are the five most common causes of death?

A

1) gunshot wound
2) blunt force injury
3) sharp force injury
4) asphyxia
5) substance abuse

178
Q

Why is it important to understand successional colonization of a body by insect?

A

help to gauge which insect was their first to better determine time of death

179
Q

When is entomology not useful in determining time of death?

A

when it is too cold so there are no insects

and

when the insects have been there for more than one life cycle

180
Q

What are four changes that occur to bones during development and throughout life?

A

1) rate of fusion
2) bone density
3) sutures in skull
4) flattening of pelvis

181
Q

How is age determined during childhood using forensic anthropology?

A

teeth if under 10

bone fusion if over 10

182
Q

How is age determined during adulthood using forensic anthropology?

A

wear and tear on boned (specifically the pelvis)

bone density

183
Q

What is the key to knowing the order of blow fly sucession?

A

1st instar is younger than the 2nd instar ect

184
Q

What is the top outer part of the pelvis called?
pubis
sciatic notch
sacrun
pelvic outlet
ilium
pubic symphysis (cartilage)
subpubic angle
coccyx

A

ilium

185
Q

What is the top middle part of the pelvis called?
pubis
sciatic notch
sacrun
pelvic outlet
ilium
pubic symphysis (cartilage)
subpubic angle
coccyx

A

sacrum

186
Q

What are the little gaps under the Ilium on a pelvis called?
pubis
sciatic notch
sacrun
pelvic outlet
ilium
pubic symphysis (cartilage)
subpubic angle
coccyx

A

sciatic notch

187
Q

What is at the bottom of the sacrum called?
pubis
sciatic notch
sacrun
pelvic outlet
ilium
pubic symphysis (cartilage)
subpubic angle
coccyx

A

Coccyx

188
Q

What is between the sacrum and Ilium on a pelvis?
pubis
sciatic notch
sacrun
pelvic outlet
ilium
pubic symphysis (cartilage)
subpubic angle
coccyx

A

pelvic outlet (opening)

189
Q

What is located under the coccyx on a pelvis?
pubis
sciatic notch
sacrun
pelvic outlet
ilium
pubic symphysis (cartilage)
subpubic angle
coccyx

A

pubic symphysis (cartilage)

190
Q

What is located on either side of the pubic symphysis (cartilage) on a pelvis?
pubis
sciatic notch
sacrun
pelvic outlet
ilium
pubic symphysis (cartilage)
subpubic angle
coccyx

A

Pubis

191
Q

What is located at the bottom of the pelvis?
pubis
sciatic notch
sacrun
pelvic outlet
ilium
pubic symphysis (cartilage)
subpubic angle
coccyx

A

subpubic angle

192
Q

What part of the skull is in the orbit?

A

the eye sockets

193
Q

What is the top part of the eye socket called on a skull?

A

supra-orbital ridge

194
Q

Where on a skull is the maxilla?

A

In between the noes and teeth by the cheeks

195
Q

Where on a skull is the mandible?

A

the jaw

Forensic Science - 2023 (3 decks)

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