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PHRM 825 Therapeutics > Exam 2- Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Exam 2- Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

juxtacrine signaling is _____ physical contact

A

direct

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2
Q

true or false: endocrine signaling travels fairly far through the blood to a target organ

A

true

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3
Q

is endocrine signaling low or high in concentration?

A

low

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4
Q

is endocrine signaling a high or low affinity receptor?

A

high

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5
Q

time frame for endocrine signaling

A

minutes to hours

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6
Q

paracrine signaling travels a _____ distance and affects neighboring cells

a. short
b. long

A

a. short

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7
Q

does paracrine signaling have a high or low local concentration?

A

high

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8
Q

does synaptic signaling travel a short or far distance?

A

short (very)

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9
Q

3 sex and progestational hormones to know and how many carbons?

A

progesterone (C21)
17β-estradiol (C18)
testosterone (C19)

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10
Q

2 adrenocortical hormones to know and how many carbons?

A

cortisol (C21)
aldosterone (C21)

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11
Q

cortisol is a glucocorticoid with what two functions?

A

anti-stress hormone, inflammation

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12
Q

aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid with what two functions?

A

regulator of Na+ uptake in the kidney
raises blood volume and bp

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13
Q

where are sex hormones made?

A

ovaries and testes

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14
Q

when aldosterone levels are high, we have _____ sodium reuptake

a. more
b. less

A

a. more

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15
Q

are steroid receptors extracellular or intracellular?

A

intracellular

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16
Q

steroid receptors contain what two domains?

A

DNA-binding domain
hormone-binding domain

17
Q

when a DNA-binding domain binds to a hormone responsive element (HRE), what happens?

A

binding alters the rate of transcription

18
Q

CRH is released from where?

A

hypothalamus

19
Q

CRH stimulates release of ACTH from the (anterior/posterior) pituitary gland

A

anterior

20
Q

what is the target organ for ACTH?

A

adrenal gland

21
Q

ACTH acts on what hormone?

A

cortisol

22
Q

where is cortisol produced?

A

adrenal glands

23
Q

the first step of steroid synthesis is cholesterol to pregnenolone and is catalyzed by what enzyme?

A

p450scc (CYP11A1)

24
Q

cause of 17α-hydroxylase deficiency

A

mutations in CYP17A1, which has both 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities

25
Q

what enzyme deficiency is an overproduction of mineralocorticoids and deficiency of corticosteroids and sex hormones?

A

17α-hydroxylase deficiency

26
Q

3 symptoms of 17α-hydroxylase deficiency

A

-hypocortisolism -> enlargement of adrenal glands
-ambiguous genitalia
-hyperaldosteronism -> hypertension

27
Q

what is the minor form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia? (5%)

A

17α-hydroxylase deficiency

28
Q

what is the major form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia? (95 %)

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

29
Q

cause of 21-hydroxylase deficiency

A

mutation in CYP21A2, which functions as 21-hydroxylase

30
Q

5 symptoms of 21-hydroxylase deficiency (slide 20)

A

-hypocortisolism -> adrenal gland enlargement
-hypoaldosteronism -> hyponatremia
premature androgen exposure:
-ambiguous genitalia in females
-hirsutism
-early epiphyseal closure -> short stature

31
Q

what enzyme converts testosterone to 17β-estradiol?

A

aromatase

32
Q

2 plasma transport proteins for steroids

A

-corticoid-binding globulin (transcortin) -> glucocorticoids and progesterone
-sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) -> testosterone and estradiol

33
Q

where are steroids metabolized?

A

liver

34
Q

where are steroids excreted? (2 of them)

A

-bile (estrogen)
-urine (progesterone, androgens, and glucocorticoids)

35
Q

aminoglutethimide brand name

A

Cytadren

36
Q

aminoglutethimide (Cytadren) is used to block steroid production in some hormone-dependent tumors (breast, prostate) and works by inhibiting what two enzymes?

A

aromatase, P450scc

37
Q

ketoconazole blocks the synthesis of __________ in fungi

A

ergosterol

38
Q

ketoconazole inhibits what 3 enzymes?

A

P450scc, 17α-hydroxylase, 11β-hydroxylase

39
Q

ketoconazole can treat hyperglucocorticoid stress, also known as what syndrome?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

PHRM 825 Therapeutics (25 decks)

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