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Greek Religion > Religion and Society > Flashcards

Religion and Society Flashcards

1
Q

Household religion gods

A

Zeus hereios

Zeus Ktesios

Apollo Agyeios

The Hearth

The Herm

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2
Q

Zeus Herkeios

A

protected the enclosed of the house

snake -> ward off evil

courtyard

Zeus of the fence

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3
Q

Zeus Ktesios

A

protector of property and wealth

likely in storeroom

2 handled vase draped in white woollen ribbon

Health and good property

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4
Q

Apollo Agyeios

A

protected from the outside main door to house

statuette

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5
Q

The Hearth

A

Hestia (dedicated)

represents family themselves (home)

ceremonial

welcomed new family members

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6
Q

The Herm

A

Hermes (dedicated)

outside

erect Phallus

protective symbol/halfway markers

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7
Q

What did the Herm have?

A

the Herm has a phallus because it is a symbol of power and strength

-> society focused on men (patriarchal)

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8
Q

Oikos

A

household religion takes place in the oikos

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9
Q

Who was the head of house?

A

oldest male figure

-> religious authority lay with him

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10
Q

What did the household gods reveal?

A

that families were concerned with evil (break-ins, stealing)

worried about safety in terms of household

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11
Q

Different family duties

A

Father: most tend to cults and families therefore tombs - annual garlands and libation

Son: welcome father phratry

Women: no household duties

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12
Q

Women in household

A

v. few political and legal rights (not even citizens in Athens)

-> exclusion from household religion = unexpected (assume tied to house)

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13
Q

Religious participation for young girls

A

Women were responsible for rites after someone died

involved in civic and state cults rather than household cults

some women-only festivals (e.g Thesmophoria)

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14
Q

Thesmophoria

A

once married women took part

Demeter and Kore

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15
Q

Basket-bearer

A

basket-carrying sacrificial implements at occasions like Panathenaic festivals

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16
Q

Brauronia

A

dress-up as bears

ritual required before a girl called mams

dress up @ festival of Artemis

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17
Q

Grinder

A

ground meal for the cakes on Athena’s altar

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18
Q

Aristophanus Lysistrata

A

talks about all the duties for girls

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19
Q

Arrephoros

A

secret ritual performed in May

Two maidens ev. year chosen and carry basket from temple of Athena to Temple of Aphrodite and took something back

Basket had been given to them by Athena

associated with Athena Polias

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20
Q

Deme religious participation

A

each deme had own set of religious festivals that differed

i’m sacred callander

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21
Q

what is a deme?

A

village or distract which was the smallest political constituency in Athenian democratic system

Athens split

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22
Q

How many days of sacrifices per year?

A

25 days (59 animals)

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23
Q

What was deme religious participation like?

A

fun

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24
Q

How was deme religion funded?

A

by wealthier demesmen

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25
Q

6 Apollos worshiped on individual demes

A

Apotropaios - averter of evil

Delphinios - of Delphi

Lykeios- of wolves

Nymphegetes - leader of the nymphs

Paion - healer

Pythios - Pythian (Delphi)

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26
Q

Deme and state worship

A

deme worship did not exclude people from state worship

local heroes were also worshipped

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27
Q

Rural demes

A

also worshipped gods related to livelihoods

(e.g Demeter)

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28
Q

Polis religion

A

created patriotism and civic pride

e.g Panathenaia festival

all-inclusive in order to honour gods and draw community together

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29
Q

How was polis religion funded?

A

paid for with state funds, organised by state officials and open to all citizens

city funded temples, sacrifices, festivals and dedications

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30
Q

What prayers were said during polis religions?

A

prayers for welfare of polis

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31
Q

Links of polis religion

A

link between polis religion and household religion (worship of Hestia and the hearth, polis set up just like in oikos) household religion = microcosm of polis religion

links with deme or local religious cults - EM performed at Eleusis deme but City Eleusinion built (inter grated into worship)

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32
Q

Panhellenic sanctuaries

A

Delphi - Pythian Apollo (Apollo who slew Pytho - mythical snake) => Pythian Games

Olympia - Olympian Zeus (Zeus of Olympus) => Olympic Games

Nema - Nemean Zeus (Zeus of Nemea) => Nemean Games

Isthmus - Isthmian Poseidon (Poseidon of the Isthmus) => Isthmian Games

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33
Q

What happened at these Panhellenic sanctuaries?

A

games held at each of these site (alternating annually)

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34
Q

Worship at deme, polis and Panhellenic

A

had to worship at all three levels (not mutually exclusive)

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35
Q

Politics and religion

A

difficult to distinguish between politics and religion - diff to determine who had religious authority (dealt with too many people) -> priests and priestesses had jurisdiction over specific cults

civic officials often supervised festivals

political figures = significant in these religious festivals

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36
Q

Priests and priestesses

A

served worship of gods and goddesses respectively (although some occasions where women served male god e.g female Pythia who served Apollo at Delphi)

their role and authority lay with overseeing rituals such as sacrifices, libations and prayers, as well as taking care of the sanctuary of the god to whom they were assigned (inc looking after cult statue, temple and other cult-buildings)

also responsible for finances of sanctuary and for safety of worshippers

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37
Q

Who decided priests wages?

A

state determined how much money priests got and performing jobs appropriately

38
Q

Religious authority

A

difficult to distinguish religious authority from political or civic authorities

-> individuals who held a religious post or had a religious responsibility often also had them in other spheres of civic or domestic life

39
Q

Religious authority in a domestic context

A

religious authority lay with the male head of the house (oldest)

40
Q

Religious authority in Athens

A

lay with people (demos) but organised and supervised by range of personnel

priests = integral part (carry out rites to cults)

officials = supervise

civic magistrates = responsible for festivals

41
Q

Civic officials and magistrates

A

had religious authority (religion, civic and political roles)

-> 3 archon in Athens had roles

42
Q

3 Archon roles

A

Archon Basileus: main religious official of Athenian state (callander, rel mates, cults)

Eponymous archon : year was named after them and had authority over civic festivals (e. g City Dionysia in honour of Dionysus)

Polemarch (war archon) : in charge of cults relating to military affairs - Artemis Agrotera, Enyalios

43
Q

Epimeletai

A

‘overseers’

individually appointed for particular festivals e.g Pananthenaia

(organiser had to pay but then paid for by state)

four appointed for the EM -> 2 from 2 priest families

44
Q

Miasma

A

serious offence in Greek religion and society

-> considered dishonour and disrespect to the gods (individuals and even whole communities could be punished)

45
Q

Ways to be considered polluted

A

1) Abortion, after giving birth, loss of foetus, when menstruating)

2) physically dirty

3) not honouring gods in right manner on right day

4) disrespecting ancestral laws of burial

5) disrespecting someone’s right to asylum

6) sex

7) attending a funeral or being in presence of dead body

8) murder

9) entering home of woman who just gave birth

46
Q

How could you purify yourself?

A

Individuals could purity themselves by following specific rites according to how they became polluted

-dirty = wash
-presence of woman giving birth enter sanctuary for certain number of days

  • it committed murder : not attend sacrifices, libations or contents in honour of gods, nor enter their sanctuary -> excluded from civic worship
    l
47
Q

Who upheld pollution rules

A

repsosnibitkycod polis to uphold standards

  • 433 decrees published providing passing of public prosecution for those who ‘did not believe in the gods’

e.g Socrates

48
Q

Link between politics and religion

A

significant overlap -> difficult to distinguish between

  • cities had patron deities and heroes who protected them
49
Q

Who did Athens honour?

A

Athens = in honour of Athena with temples and festivals in her honour

50
Q

How were most political decisions made?

A

with religious consultation -> peace treaties sworn by oath to the gods (Zeus = god of oaths) and accompanied by libations or sacrifices

51
Q

Sacred Truce

A

made by all Greek poleis during Olympics that saw and end to conflict sworn and guaranteed by Zeus

52
Q

Consultation on military matters

A

when allies made war, the gods were consulted (in Herodotus)

e.g consulting Delphi in 480 with Athenians and Persians (‘wooden walls’)

political and military defusing were inextricable with religion

53
Q

Divine consultations

A

therefore not merely a formality but vital for making decisions

-> before Battle of Plataea, Dlartans refused to advance without sacrificial omens in favour

54
Q

How were military victories celebrated?

A

with the gods in mind (Athenians erected stoa at Delphi in thanks for advice)

Monument dedicated by Greek alliance in thanks

55
Q

Political institution

A

e.g law courts)

were reliant upon religion

-> Athenian assembly began with sacrifice of piglet and blood splattered

56
Q

Religious items

A

privaledged and dealt with at 1/2 of monthly meetings of assemblies after 350

57
Q

Sacred flame

A

polis’ sacred flame gaurded in centre of agore

58
Q

Sacred flame

A

polis’ sacred flame gaurded in centre of agore

59
Q

Physical distinction

A

not always a physical distinction between sacred and profane

  • temenos designated borders of sancturies
60
Q

Political, economic and religious

A

political centre of cities also the religious and economic centre

61
Q

Agora in Athens

A

civic political and economic centre

  • council-house
  • governmental seat
  • stoa of Zeus Eleutius
  • Prythaneion (where officals relating to gov. met)
62
Q

Civic funds

A

Housed in treasuires and sacred buildings (The Parthenon in Athens)

63
Q

Civic funds

A

Housed in treasuires and sacred buildings (The Parthenon in Athens)

64
Q

Sparta

A

politics and religion were connected

  • Kings considered to be gods as dual kingship believed to have derived from Zeus’ twin sons. Alos, believed to be descendants of Heracles
  • kings also comanders of army and should perform all sacrafices and consult oracles whenever

-political and military authority was therefore linked with religious positions

65
Q

What is the Panathenaia?

A

included an elaborate procession and hetacomb

in honour of Athena, patron goddess of Athens

fesitval celebrated annually (Lesser Pananthenaia)

marked birthday of Athena Polias

ev. 4 years, the Great Panathenaia was held

66
Q

Great Pananthenaia procession

A

included and started with procession (pompe) that gathered by the Dipylon Gate on the outskirts of the city

67
Q

Pompeion

A

procession grew to be so big that a special

Popmpeion created

dates to 400 and measures 70 by 35 metres

-> size indicates how important and grand the procession was

68
Q

Where did the procession start?

A

started at Dipylon Gate and processed through kerameikos (contained ancient cemetary) through agore and up Acropolis via Propylaia (eleborate gateway)

69
Q

What was the road they walked on called?

A

Panathenaic Way

10m wide to accomodate large crowds, cavalry and a boat

70
Q

Where could you also see the procession?

A

frieze on the Parthenon - first time a real-life event was shown on it (important)

showed climax of the festival (peplos)

range of participants shows unifying nature of the procession

so important in Athenian religious and civic life that it was was inspo for frieze of Parthenon

71
Q

What was the peplos?

A

rectangular piece of clothing worn by women that was belted

Athena was always depicted in it

72
Q

Why was the Peplos presented?

A

birthday gift for Athena

73
Q

Eragstinai

A

wove the saffron dyed peplos every year and it depicted a scene of Athena’s duel with Encelados

74
Q

Where was the peplos put?

A

presented to goddess and drapped on olive-wood cult statue of Athena Polias that stood in east room of Erechetheion

second larger peplos made for GA which showed Athena and Zeus and used to sail on wooden ship

74
Q

Where was the peplos put?

A

presented to goddess and drapped on olive-wood cult statue of Athena Polias that stood in east room of Erechetheion

second larger peplos made for GA which showed Athena and Zeus and used to sail on wooden ship- drapped across Athena Parthenon statue

75
Q

What did the peplos symbolise?

A

city’s thanks to the goddess for help and protection

76
Q

Significance of the peplos?

A

uniffied Athens unlike anything else

focal point of celebration

77
Q

sacrafices at Panathenaea

A

celebrated and honoured Athena

78
Q

What did the distribution of meat reflect?

A

democratic nature of theAthenians

79
Q

Who paid for the sacrafices?

A

directly by city or by imposing liturgy

80
Q

Civic officials in the sacrafices

A

archons, sacraficial officials, generals, Athenains who participated in processions and maidens

  • got meat on acropolis and dined in special room inside Pompeion
81
Q

Where was the remaining meat distributed?

A

Kerameikos among men in demes

82
Q

Civic decree on sacrafices

A

from 335/4 said that cattle brought with rent from land sacred to Athena were sacraficed on altar of Athena Nike (best parts)

83
Q

Civic decree on sacrafices

A

from 335/4 said that cattle brought with rent from land sacred to Athena were sacraficed on altar of Athena Nike (best parts)

84
Q

how often was meat eaten?

A

not part of Athenian diet

85
Q

how often was meat eaten?

A

not part of Athenian diet

86
Q

Contests

A

Equestrian contests (apobates)

Torch race

Phyric Dance and euakorion attributes of good and beauty attributed to gods

Athletic

Musical and rhapsodic

87
Q

Athletic contests

A

boys and youths and then men

included events common at Panhellenic games

88
Q

Musical and rhapsodic contests

A

before the procession and last 1-3 days

only during GP

rhapsodic - reciet Homer (shows his significance)

boys and men

prizes = v valuable (golden olive crown)

  • shows off best in Athens
89
Q

Panathenaic amphora

A

given as prize with olive oil (always had black-figure of Athena on it in full armour)

prizes varied bet. competitions

Greek Religion (6 decks)

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