Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the study of blood?
Hemotology
Hematology is the study of?
Blood
What are the principle factors of blood?
- Transport
- Protection
- Regulation
What do you use to measure how much of someone’s blood is made up of red blood cells?
Hematocrit
What is a leukocyte?
White blood cell
What is an erythrocyte?
Red blood cell
What percent of your blood is plasma?
55%
What percent of your blood is erythrocytes?
44%
What percent of your blood is the buffy coat?
1%
What is the buffy coat made of?
- Leukocytes (red blood cells)
- Platelets
How much blood do adult humans have within the circulatory system?
4-6 liters
What is the homeostatic set point range for blood pH?
7.35 - 7.45
Why is pH range so tightly regulated for blood?
To prevent cooking thyself (denaturing your proteins)
What do erythrocytes lack?
- Nuclei
- Other major organelles
What is Hemoglobin?
A very large oxygen transport protein
What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?
Approximately 120 days
Hemoglobin protein has ____ embedded iron atoms capable of carrying _____ oxygen apiece.
Four; one
Erythropoiesis is the formation of what?
New red blood cells
What is Erythropoiesis?
The formation of new red blood cells
What is the formation of new red blood cells called?
Erythropoiesis
What is needed to create new red blood cells?
- Hemoglobin raw materials
- Vitamins (B12)
- Erythropoietin (hormone)
What is needed to create new red blood cells?
- Hemoglobin raw materials
- Vitamins (B12)
- Erythropoietin (hormone)
How is Heme broken down?
Heme —-> Bile —-> Pooped
How is globin broken down?
Globin —-> Recycles
How is iron broken down?
Iron —-> Loss of blood (menstruation or injury) or stored
What does plasma contain?
- Ground substance (water)
- Proteins (albumin, globulins, etc.)
What do leukocytes lack?
Hemoglobin
What do leukocytes have?
Nuclei
What do granulocytes contain?
Many granules
What do agranulocytes contain?
No granules
What are the types of granulocyte cells?
- neutrophil
- eosinophil
- basophil
What is the function of a neutrophil?
Bacterial Infection
What is the function of an eosinophil?
Parasitic infection (asthma, eczema)
What is the function of a basophil?
Histamine reactions
What granulocyte is responsible for bacterial infection?
Neutrophil
What granulocyte is responsible for parasitic infections?
Eosinophil
What granulocyte is responsible for histamine reactions?
Basophil
What are the types of agranulocytes?
- Lymphocyte
- Monocyte
What is the function of a lymphocyte?
- Viral infections
- General reactivity
What is the function of a monocyte?
Phagocytes (calls that eat debris)
What agranulocyte is responsible for viral infections and general reactivity?
Lymphocyte
What agranulocyte is responsible for phagocytes (cells that eat debris)?
Monocytes
What is hemostasis?
A sequences of responses to stop blood loss from a damaged blood vessel
What is the sequences of responses to stop blood loss from a damaged blood vessel?
Hemostasis
What are the parts of hemostasis?
- Vascular spasm
- Platelet plug formation
- Blood clotting (coagulation)
What is vascular spasm?
smooth muscle spasm to partially close vessel
What is platelet plug formation?
creating a temporary cork for a vessel
What is blood clotting (coagulation)?
Making a permanent anti-bleeding structure until the vessel can heal
How does vascular spasm work?
Occur when the smooth muscle in the wall of the damaged vessel contracts
How does platelet plug formation work?
- Platelets stick to damaged tissue
- Platelets release chemicals that activate other platelets
- Newly activated platelets aggregate forming the plug
Clots are created by a cascade of reactions involving _____ and clotting factors that activate one another in a ______________ pathway.
Calcium; positive feedback
The final product of blood clotting is primarily composed of a protein called?
Fibrin
What factor is missing in Hemophilia A?
Factor VIII
What factor is missing in Hemophilia B?
Factor IX
What factor is missing in Hemophilia C?
Factor XI
What does extrinsic mean?
Damage
What does intrinsic mean?
Message from platelets
What is #1
Factor XII
What is #2
Factor XI
What is #3
Factor IX
What is #4
Factor VIII
What is #5
Factor X (thrombokinase)
What is #6
prothrombin (acrivator)
What is #7
Thrombin
What is #8
Fibrin
What is #9
Factor V
What is #10
Fibrinogen
What does hemophilia mean?
Cannot clot
What is the enzymatic breakdown of fibrin?
Fibrinolysis