GLOBALISATION, MODERNITY & POSTMODERNITY Flashcards
What is GLOBALISATION
the WOLRD Becoming INCREASINGLY INTERCONNECTED and that BARRIERS are DISAPPEARING
What are 3 CHANGES for the GROWTH of GLOBALISATION
- TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES
- ECONOMIC CHANGES
- CHANGES in CULTURE and IDENITITY
Explain how This has Led to Growth of Globalisation - TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES
- CROSS Entire CONTINENTS in HOURS - EXCHANGE INFORMATION WORLDWIDE with a CLICK. SATELITE COMMMUNICATION the INTERNET and GLOBAL TV NETWORKS have HELPED to CREATE Time Space Compression, CLOSING the DISTANCE BETWEEN PEOPLE
- TECHNOLOGY BRINGS RISK on Global Scale. BECK (1992) Argues that we are NOW LIVING in ‘RISK SOCIETY’ where INCREASINGLY the THREATS to Our WELL BEING Come FROM HUMAN-MADE TECHNOLOGY Rather Than Natural Disasters
Explain how This has Led to Growth of Globalisation - ECONOMIC CHANGES
- ECONOMIC ACTIVITY now TAKES PLACE Within a Set of GLOBAL NETWORKS that are CREATING EVER-GREATER INTERCONNECTEDNESS
- the GLOBAL ECONOMY is INCREASINGLY a ‘Weightless’ Economy = INSTEAD of PRODUCING PHYSICAL GOODS, Much ACTIVITY NOW INVOLVES the PRODUCTION of INFORMATION, e.g. Music, Tv. THESE Commodities are PRODUCED, DISTRIBUTED and CONSUMED THROUGH GLOBAL ELECTRONIC NETWORKS
- GLOBAL 24/7 Hour FINANCIAL TRASNCITIONS PERMIT the INSTANTANEOUS TRANSFER of FUNDS WORLDWIDE in PURSUIT of PROFIT -> Contributes to the Risk Society
Explain how This has Led to Growth of Globalisation - CHANGES in CULTURE and IDENITITY
- Globalisation MAKES it HARDER for CULTURES to EXIST In ISOLATION From One Another - BECAUSE of the ROLE Of INFORMATION and COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
- WESTERN-OWNED MEDIA SPREAD WESTERN CULTURE Worldwide. ECONOMIC INTERGRATION ENCOURAGE GLOBAL CULTURE e.g. Nike
- INCREASED MOVEMENT of PEOPLE, as Toursirs, Economic Migrants, Refugees HELP CREATE GLOBALISED CULTURE
- Globalisaition also UNDERMIES TRADITIONAL SOURCES of IDENTITY
What is MODERNITY?
is Seen as BEGINNING With the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
it’s CHARACTISED By RAPID SOCIAL CHANGE, SCEINTIFIC DEVELOPMENT, SECULARISATION, the DECLINE of TRADITION and the BUREAUCRATIC Nation State
- PROMINENT THINKING In SCIENCE for the Way we See the World -> GOAL Was to ‘ENLIGHTEN’ - Inform the Public and Encoruage People to Think and Reason For Themselves
WHAT are 2 CHARCTERISTICS of MODERNITY?
- META NARRATIVES
- CAPITALISM
Explain HOW METANARRATIVES are a Characteristic of MODERNITY
- TRADITIONAL RELIGON and SUPERSTRUCTURES WAYS Of THINKING Were ABANDONED and REPLACED With a NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC MINDSET. The USE of RATIONALITY and REASONING LED to the DEVELOPMENT of METANARRATIVES that ATTEMPT to GIVE a Complete EXPLANATION Of the WOLRD We LIVE IN
- e.g. Scientific Theories and Their Meta Narrtives were Seen as Superior Forms of Knowledge for Discoveing and Understanding the World
Explain HOW CAPITALISM are a Characteristic of MODERNITY
the ECONOMY Of MODERN SOCIETY. the ABILITY pf PRIVATE OWNERSHIP to OWN the MEANS of PRODUCTION, e.g. Local FACTORIES (the capitalist class) and the USE of WAGED LABOUR - People who WORK in RETURN FOR a WAGE (w/c). the MOTIVE for PRODUCING GOODS -> SELL FOR PROFIT , NOT SATISFY People’s NEEDS. CAPITALSIM BROUGHT ABOUT the ADVANCEMENT and EXPANSION Of INDUSTRIALISATION. However -> LED to UNEQUAL WEALTH DISTRIBUTION + CONFLIT Between CLASSES
What do POSTMODERNISTS ARGUE (Intro)
argue that SOCIETY has CHANGED in Such a Way THAT MODERNISY SOCIAL THEORIES Such as Dual Action Apporaches to Our Understand Of SOCIETY & THEORIES such as Functionalism and Marxism are NO LONGER ABLE to PROVIDE AQEQUATE EXPLANATIONS For SOCIETY
How does BAUDRILLARD ARGUE we LIVE in a POSTMODERN AGE
- GLOBALISATION has CREATED a MEDIA SATURATED SOCIETY -> LIFE in PM Era is So DOMINATED BY MEDIA IMAGERY
- SOCIETY is NO LONGER BASED On the PRODUCTION Of GOODS In the MODERN AGE But is BASED with an EMPHASIS On the PRODUCTION and CONSUMPTION Of MEDIA IMAGES
- In PAST SOCIETIES, Media Images were USED to PRESENT SOMETHING They were LINKED To REALITY. This has CHANGED in PM WORLD, NOW they DON’T REFLECT REAL LIFE
- MEDIA PRESENTS ‘SIMULACRA’ IMAGES which APPEAR to REFLECT EVENTS In the REAL WORLD BUT Have NO BASIS In REALITY, which are Viewed Simultaneoulsy Across the Globe. EVEN IMAGES of REAL EVENTS are SO DISTORTED and DISTANCES FROM REALITY That THEY’re ACTUALLY REALITY - e.g. the REAL IMAGES Of WAR AREN’T SHOWN To the View BUT INSTEAD a SIMULACRUM Of REAL EVENT -> SANTISED VERSION of WAR (e.g. Body Parts) -> this DISTORTED VIEW CREATES a HYPER-REALITY SITUATION - MAKE BELIEVE IMAGES BECOME MORE REAL Than Reality, So we Don’t Know Difference Between Reality and Fiction
- Weren’t Relavant In Modernity but is in PM
How does LYOTARD ARGUE we LIVE in a POSTMODERN AGE
- PEOPLE Now LIVE IN The “MYTH Of TRUTH” -> He REJECTS the CLAIMS of BIG THEORIES OF HAVING the TRUTH To Explain the World AS SOCIETY is CHANGING So CONSTANTLY/RAPIDLY
- Believes that BIG THEORIES have FAILED to EXPLAIN World AQAQUATELY and Are BUILT on ASSUMPTIONS, CONTRADICTIONS, Cause Damage rather than Good -> e.g. MARXIST DOCTRINE has CREATED OPPRESSIVE and TOTALITARIAN STATES have IMPOSED Their VERSION of the Truth on People -> Illustarted in SOIVET UNION where State ATTEMPTED to REMOULD SOCIETY On MARXIST DOCTRINE Which LED to POLITICAL RPRESSION.
- PM See these METANARRATIVES As SOMEONE’S VERSION of Truth, NOT the ABSOLUTE TRUTH -> therefore they CLAIM PEOPLE are TURNING AWAY From LARGE SCALE TRUTHS To MAKE SENSE Of THEIR LIVES in PM Age
- PM’S Take a RELATIVE POSITION of TRUTH -> TRUTH VARIES According To INDIVIDUAL -> Due to GROWING INDIVUDALISM in PM Society -> ALL ACCOUNTS of Reality Have EQUAL VALIDITY -> NO ONE HAS Speicial ACCESS TO TRUTH -> reject Meta Naratives
How does GIDDENS ARGUE we DON’T LIVE in POST MODERNITY
- INSTEAD We LIVE in LATE/MODERNITY
- he DOESN’T DISPUTE The CHANGES in SOCIETY That PM’s IDENTIFY have OCCURED , e.g. Globalisation , Growing Diversity of Identity’s
- ACCEPTS That we LIVE In a ‘RUNAWAY WORLD’ MARKED By NEW RISKS and UNCERTAINTIES and that Neither People Nor Institutions can TAKE For GRANTED Established WAYS of DOING THINGS. - However, says these CHANGES HAVEN’T BROUGHT US INTO a NEW ERA of PM, but INSTEAD LATE PM
- sees LATE PM as CHARACTERISED by SOCIAL REFLEXIVITY -> Means the KNOWLEDGE We GAIN From SOCIETY Can AFFECT the WAY We ACT In it. - In LM REFLEXIVITY GROWS in IMPORTANCE as the SPEED of SOCIAL CHANGE and GROWING UNCERTAINITY MEAN that SOCIAL INSITUTIONS are CONSTATNLY Having To REDLFLECT on WHAT They DO & HOW They DO THINGS and PEOPLE Habe to THINK about and REFLECT On the CIRCUMSTANCE in Which they LIVE Their LIVES. - In LATE MODERNITY, REFLECTIVITY For INDIVUALS FOCUSES on PERSONAL FREEDOMS and FULFILLMENT as PEOPLE ESTABLISH GOALS for their “LIFE PROJECT” - This SOCIAL REFLEXIVITY Means PEOPLE and INSTITUIONS Can ACT To CHANGE and IMPROVE the WORLD, Which is PART of MODERNIST ERA and ENLIGHTENMENT PROJECT CONTINUES
What are 2 CHARACTERISTICS Of POSTMODERNISM
- CHAOS, UNCERTAINTY
- METANARRATIVES and the ‘MYTH of TRUTH
Explain the CHARACTERISTIC of PM -CHAOS, UNCERTAINTY
BAUMAN (1992) - STRESS that SOCIETY is Now in SUCH a STATE of CONSTANT Change that’s UNPREDICTABLE and is MARKED BY CHAOS and UNCERTAINTY - ‘Liquid Modernity’ - in Which SOCIAL STRUCTURES Like the NATION STATE, FAMILY and SOCIAL CLASS are BREAKING DOWN
PM’s argue it’s NONSENSE To TALK Of an INSTITUTION Called the FAMILY for example AS PEOPLE Now LIVE in Such a WIDE RANGE of EVER-CHANGING PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS . Gay Lesbian Couples, High Rates of Divorce etc… Mean ANY NOTION of the ‘TYPICAL FARMING’ or ‘The FAMILY As an Institution Is ABUSD
