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Histopathology > Human Development- EXAM I > Flashcards

Human Development- EXAM I Flashcards

1
Q

What the are three main stages of human development and when do they take place?

A

Proliferation period: (0-3 weeks)
Embryonic period: (3-8 weeks)
Fetal development period (9 weeks to term)

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2
Q

Fertilization of the ovum yields a:

A

Zygote

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3
Q

The zygote has a full compliment of genetic material rendering it:

A

Diploid

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4
Q

The zygote undergoes mitotic division forming a:

A

Blastomere

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5
Q

Greater than 32 blastomeres creates a:

A

Morula

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6
Q

At what cell stage foes the morula develop an internal blastocystic cavity?

A

64 cell stage

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7
Q

When the morula develops an internal blastocystic cavity it is now referred to as:

A

Blastocyst

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8
Q

Any mass that is lined with any type of cell (typically an epithelium), hollow inside, and sometimes filled with fluid:

A

Cyst

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9
Q

The blastocyst will start traveling down the uterus and:

A

Implants itself into the uterine wall

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10
Q

Once the blastocyst implants itself into the uterine wall it will create arms that anchor it in place called:

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

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11
Q

The blastocyst develops an inner cells mass at 6-7b days and is now referred to as an:

A

Embryoblast

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12
Q

Implantation of the embryoblast into the uterine wall begins at day _____ and is complete at day _____

A

4; 10

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13
Q

After the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall it will become:

A

Enveloped into the uterine wall

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14
Q

The inner cell mass of the embryoblast transitions into the:

A

Bilaminar embryonic disc

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15
Q

At the stage in which the embryoblast envelopes into the uterine wall and becomes bilmainar disc it is now able to receive:

A

Blood supply, nutrients & protection

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16
Q

The outter cell mass of the bilaminar embryonic disc becomes the _____ & _____ layers

A

Cytotrophoblast & Syntrophoblast

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17
Q

The Cytotrophoblast & Syntrophoblast layers are precursors to the:

A

Placenta

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18
Q

What two layers make up the bilaminar embryonic disc?

A

Epiblast layer & Hypoblast layer

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19
Q

The epiblast layer of the bilaminar disc is comprised of:

A

Ectoderm & mesoderm

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20
Q

The hypoblast layer of the bilaminar disc is comprised of:

A

Endoderm

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21
Q

The large cavity that forms at the top, just under the hypoblast forms the:

A

Yolk sac

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22
Q

The development of a secondary cavity above the epiblast forms the:

A

Amniotic cavity

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23
Q

List the structures associated with the bilaminar embryonic disc: (6)

A
  • Epiblast layer
  • Hypoblast layer
  • Amniotic cavity
  • Blastocyst cavity
  • Syntrophoblasts
  • Cytotrophoblasts
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24
Q

Enlargement of the amniotic cavity & migration of cells out of the hypoblast form the:

A

Heuser’s membrane

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25
Q

The Heuser’s membrane will form the internal lining of the blastocyst cavity- now called the:

A

Yolk sac

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26
Q

The internal lining of the yolk sac cavity:

A

Heuser’s membrane

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27
Q

The cell layer surrounding the blastocyst (completely enveloped in the uterine wall):

A

Chorionic layer

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28
Q

During the third week of development, the bilaminar embryonic disc is characterized by the formation of:

A

Primitive streak, notochord, neural tube

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29
Q

The cleft that starts to form on the surface of the bilaminar disc during week three of development:

A

Primitive streak

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30
Q

During the third week of development, the bilaminar disc embryonic disc is characterized by the formation of the primitive streak, notochord and neural tube-

The three distinct germ layers at this point in development are:

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm & Endoderm

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31
Q

The distinct embryonic germ layer that was formerly the epiblast layer:

A

Ectoderm

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32
Q

The distinct embryonic germ layer that was formerly the hypoblast layer:

A

Endoderm

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33
Q

Cells from the epiblast layer invaginate in to form the _____ during the third week of development

A

Mesoderm

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34
Q

The primitive streak is characterized by the formation of:

A

Pit, Node, & groove

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35
Q

______ cells invaginate within the ______ & migrate towards the cephalad until they reach the _______

A

Pre-notochordal
Primitive node
Prechrodal plate

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36
Q

The pre-notochordal cells invaginate within the primitive node & migrate towards the cephalad plate. They detach themselves from the ectodermal layer to line within the mesoderm forming the:

A

Notochord

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37
Q

Functions as a primitive skeletal support of the embryo around which the axial skeleton later forms:

A

Notochord

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38
Q

The notochord induces formation of:

A

Somites

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39
Q

Precursor of the vertebral column, ribs, associated back muscles & overlying dermis

A

Somites

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40
Q

The forms is what position:

A

Midline

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41
Q

The notochord is formed from ____ cells

A

Ectodermal

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42
Q

The notochord is formed from ectodermal cells derived from the:

A

Primitive streak

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43
Q

The notochord functions as a primitive axial skeleton for the embryo, establishing:

A

Symmetry & polarity of development & induction of the somites

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44
Q

The three layers of mesoderm during the proliferation period of human development:

A

Paraxial
Intermediate
Lateral plate

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45
Q

What are the two categories of lateral plate mesoderm:

A

Parietal & Visceral

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46
Q

(Proliferation period)

List the derivatives of mesoderm

A
  1. Paraxial mesoderm
  2. Intermediate mesoderm
  3. Lateral plate mesoderm
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47
Q

What is derived from the paraxial mesoderm?

A

Somites

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48
Q

What is derived from the intermediate mesoderm?

A

Urogenital system

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49
Q

What is derived from the parietal portion of the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

Mesothelial (serous) membranes that cover the peritoneal, pleural & pericardial cavities

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50
Q

What is derived from the visceral portion of the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

The thin serous membranes that cover individual organs including the stomach, pancreas & spleen

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51
Q

The epidermis, hair & nails are derivatives of the:

A

Ectoderm

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52
Q

The epithelium of the oral & nasal cavities & paranasal sinuses are derivatives of the:

A

Ectoderm

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53
Q

Salivary & endocrine glands are derivatives of:

A

Ectoderm

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54
Q

The nervous system is a derivative of:

A

Ectoderm

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55
Q

Tooth enamel is a derivative of:

A

Ectoderm

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56
Q

The GI tract epithelium & associated glands are derivatives of:

A

Endoderm

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57
Q

Ectoderm creates a lot of _______ derived tissues & organs

A

Epithelial

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58
Q

During what stage of human development does the neural tube develop?

A

Proliferation period

59
Q

During the development of the neural tube-

We start with a notocord, neural fold and neural crest which will further develop into the:

A

Neural groove

60
Q

During the development of the neural tube-

What joins to form the neural tube?

A

Neural crest cells

61
Q

The neural tube is a precursor to the:

A

Spinal column

62
Q

During the development of the neural tube-

In the midline area, the neural crest cells will form the:

A

Dorsal root ganglion

63
Q

Spina Bifida, Meningocele, Meningomyelocele, Meningoencephalocele & Anencephaly are all what type of defects?

A

Neural tube related developmental defects

64
Q

What occurs when the neural tube doesn’t form all the way to the bottom due to folic acid deficiency?

A

Spina Bifida

65
Q

What neural tube deficiency is characterized by an extrusion of arachnoid & dura mater out of the head?

A

Meningocele

66
Q

What a neural tube deficiency is characterized by an extrusion of neural tissue & all three meninges out of the head?

A

Meningomyelocele

67
Q

What neural tube deficiency is characterized by an extrusion of a ventricular cistern plus neural tissue out of the head?

A

Meningoencephalocele

68
Q

What neural tube deficiency is a fatal defect characterized by lack of development of the cranium & brain?

A

Anencephaly

69
Q

What neural tube defects are considered mild?

A

Spina Bifida & Meningocele

70
Q

What neural tube defect is considered slightly more severe?

A

Meningomyelocele

71
Q

What neural tube defect is considered most severe but not yet fatal?

A

Meningohydroencephalocele

72
Q

What neural tube defect is fatal?

A

Anencephaly

73
Q

What determines the severity of the neural tube defect?

A

The amount of tissue extruding out

74
Q

Neural crest cells may also be referred to as:

A
  1. Ectomesenchyme
  2. Neuroectoderm
75
Q

Neural tube defects occur in what stage of human development?

A

Proliferation period (0-3 weeks)

76
Q

If we are talking about oral-facial development in regard to neural crest cells what stage of human development are we referring to?

A

Embryonic period (3-8 weeks)

77
Q

Around what day of oral-facial development do we see the rostral neuropore closing, formation of heart prominence & somites, and formation of the caudal neuropore?

A

Around day 24 (+/- 1 day)

78
Q

Around what day of oral-facial development do we see the hyoid arch begin to form, and when is it completely formed?

A

Around 24 days
Around 26 days

79
Q

Around what day of oral-facial development do we see formation of the mandibular arch, forebrain prominence, tail, & third brachial arch?

A

Around day 26

80
Q

Around what day of oral-facial development do we see formation of the fourth brachial arch, the lower limb bud, the lens placode & the upper limb bud?

A

Around day 28

81
Q

Everything from the neck up to the ear are derived from the:

A

Pharyngeal arches

82
Q

The pharyngeal arches can be compared to a stack of onion rings, each ring contains:

A

A blood vessel, its own cranial nerve and often will form its own cartilage

83
Q

During oral-facial development (embryonic period) the 1st brachial groove will develop into:

A

External auditory canal

84
Q

During oral-facial development (embryonic period) the first brachial pouch will develop into:

A

Eustachian tube

85
Q

During oral-facial development (embryonic period) the second brachial pouch will develop into:

A

Palatine tonsils

86
Q

During oral-facial development (embryonic period) the third brachial pouch will develop into:

A

Inferior parathyroids/thymus

87
Q

During oral-facial development (embryonic period) the fourth brachial pouch will develop into:

A

Superior parathyroids/ultimobranchial body

88
Q

Around what day of oral-facial development do the eyes and ears begin to form?

A

Around day 41

89
Q

Between the 3th and 9th month describe the head & body growth of the fetus:

A

The head stays the same size while the body continues to grow larger

90
Q

At month 3 of fetal development describe the head to body ratio:

A

50/50

91
Q

List the processes formed during the development of the face:

A
  1. Mandibular process
  2. Maxillary process
  3. Lateral nasal process
  4. Median nasal process
92
Q

The oral-facial development the oral cavity is known as:

A

Stomodeum

93
Q

What connects the oral and nasal facial processes?

A

Philtrum

94
Q

Clefts can be:

A
  1. Palatal
  2. Soft tissue
  3. Lip
  4. Nasal
95
Q

What cause a palatal cleft:

A

Improper descending of the tongue

96
Q

The palatal shelves fuse right at the:

A

Junction of the primary palate

97
Q

Fusion of the medial nasal process with the maxillary process normally occur at what period of gestation?

A

5-6 weeks

98
Q

Defective fusion of _____ process with the ______ process will result in a cleft lip

A

Medial nasal
Maxillary

99
Q

Defective fusion of _____ results in a velft palate

A

Palatine shelves

100
Q

Fusion of the palatine shelves normally begins during the _____ of gestation & is completed by the _____

A

8th week
12th week

101
Q

45% of all clefts are:

A

Combined cleft lip/cleft palate

102
Q

30% of all cleft cases are:

A

Isolated cleft palate

103
Q

25% of all cleft cases are:

A

Isolated cleft lip

104
Q

The incidence of cleft lip/cleft palate is:

_______ births in Chinese, Japanese & Native American populations

______ births in Caucasian populations

_______ births in Afro-American populations

A

1 in 500

1 in 700

1 in 500

105
Q

The incidence of cleft palate alone is:

A

1 in 2,500 births

106
Q

If one child is born with a cleft lip, there is a ____ chance of a second child exhibiting the same defect

A

40%

107
Q

Known Teratogens involved in Congenital malformations:

A

Drugs, chemical & radiation

108
Q

List the drugs that are known teratogens involved in congenital malformations:

A
  1. Ethanol
  2. Tetracycline
  3. Dilantin
  4. Lithium
  5. Methotrexate
  6. Warfarin
  7. Thalidomide
  8. Androgens
  9. Progesterone
  10. Retinoic acid
109
Q

List the chemicals that are known teratogens involved in congenital malformations:

A
  1. Methylmercury
  2. Polychlorinated biphenyls
110
Q

During oral-facial development what may develop at the line of fusion between the palatine shelves and primary palate?

A

Nasopalatine duct cyst

111
Q

Small depression at the very back of the tongue:

A

Foramen cecum

112
Q

The location in which thyroid gland forms during oral-facial development:

A

Foramen cecum

113
Q

The second brachial arch on the outside overgrows the third & fourth arches to form a:

A

Cervical sinus

114
Q

During what week of development does the cervical sinus (derived from the second brachial arch) usually get resorbed?

A

7th week

115
Q

Failure of resorption of the cervical sinus result in formation of:

A

Lateral cervical cyst/Branchial fistula

116
Q

A lateral cervical cyst or brachial fistula will typically form along what muscle?

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

117
Q

The first brachial arch forms lateral-lingual swellings which ultimately form the:

A

Anterior portion of the tongue

118
Q

The 1st brachial arch is innervated by:

A

Cranial nerve 5

119
Q

The 2nd brachial arch gives ____ to the tongue

A

Innervation

120
Q

The 3rd & 4th brachial arch form the:

A

Posterior portion of the tongue

121
Q

If the embryonic precursor is brachial arch #1, the intermediate structures include: (3)

A
  1. Median tongue bud
  2. Foramen cecum
  3. Lateral lingual swellings
122
Q

If the embryonic precursor is brachial arch #1 and the intermediate structures include the median tongue bud, foramen cecum & lateral lingual swellings, the adult structures include: (3)

A
  1. Overgrown by lateral lingual swellings
  2. Origin of the thyroid ectoderm
  3. Anterior 2/3 of tongue
123
Q

If the embryonic precursor is brachial arch #2, the intermediate structures include:

A

Copula/Tuberculum impar

124
Q

If the embryonic precursor is brachial arch #2 and the intermediate structures include Copula/Tuberculum impar, the adult structure includes:

A

Overgrown by the hypobrachial eminence

125
Q

If the embryonic precursor is brachial arch #3, the intermediate structure is:

A

Hypobrachial eminence

126
Q

If the embryonic precursory is brachial arch #3 and the intermediate structure is the hypobrachial eminence, the adult structure is the:

A

Posterior 1/3 of tongue

127
Q

If the embryonic precursor is brachial arch #4, the intermediate structures include:

A

Minor contributions to the hypobrachial eminence

128
Q

If the embryonic precursor is brachial arch #4, and the intermediate structure includes minor contributions to the hypobrachial eminence then the adult structure is:

A

None

129
Q

Which brachial arches contribute the most to the tongue?

A

Brachial arches 1 & 3

130
Q

Identify the cranial nerves responsible for innervation to each brachial arch:

Arch #1:
Arch #2:
Arch #3:
Arch #4:
Arch #6:

A
  1. Trigeminal
  2. Facial
  3. Glossopharyngeal
  4. Vagus
  5. Hypoglossal
131
Q

Brachial arch #1 is innervated by the trigeminal nerve which provides:

A

Sensory to the anterior 2/3 of tongue

132
Q

Brachial arch #2 is innervated by the facial nerve which provides:

A

Taste (special sensory) to anterior 2/3 of tongue via chorda tympani branch

133
Q

Brachial arch #3 is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve which provides:

A

Sensory the posterior 1/3 of tongue

134
Q

Brachial arch #4 is innervated by the vagus nerve which provides:

A

Sensory to the extreme posterior 1/3 via the superior laryngeal branch

135
Q

Brachial arch #6 is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve which provides:

A

Motor to all tongue muscles

136
Q

Failure of the thyroglossal duct to involute causes:

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

137
Q

Thyroglossal duct cysts usually form around what location?

A

Midline

138
Q

Failure of the thyroid gland to involute at all, will result in:

A

Ectopic lingual thyroid

139
Q

Thyroid tissue sitting on top of the tongue due to failure of involution:

A

Ectopic lingual thyroid

140
Q

The mandible, maleus, & incus are derived from:

A

Meckel’s cartilage (1st brachial arch)

141
Q

The stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament & the lesser horn of hyoid are derived from:

A

Reichart’s cartilage (2nd brachial arch)

142
Q

The greater horn of hyoid is derived from cartilage from the:

A

3rd brachial arch

143
Q

Thyroid cartilage is derived from cartilage from the:

A

4th brachial arch

144
Q

Development of the external ear develops from six:

A

Auricular hillocks

Histopathology (15 decks)

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