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B1 CTB > Carbohydrates and Lipids > Flashcards

Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What do all macromolecules contain?

A

Carbon

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2
Q

What is the function of Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)?

A

Information storage and transmission

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3
Q

List 6 functions of proteins.

A
  1. Enzymatic catalysis
  2. Antibodies
  3. Hormonal signalling
  4. Structural proteins
  5. Contractile proteins
  6. Gas transport
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4
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Energy source

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5
Q

List 3 functions of lipids (fats)?

A
  1. Energy source
  2. Membrane components
  3. Hormonal signalling
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6
Q

What is the general molecular formula of carbohydrates?

A

[C(H2O)] n

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7
Q

Carbohydrates are classified according to what?

A

The number of monomers.

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8
Q

List 4 forms of carbohydrates and how many monomeric units they contain.

A
  1. Monosaccharides (1 monomeric unit)
  2. Disaccharides (2 monomeric units)
  3. Oligosaccharides (3-10 monomeric units)
  4. Polysaccharides (>10 monomeric units)
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9
Q

What are isomers?

A

Compounds which contain the same atoms but are bonded to form different 3D arrangements.

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10
Q

Give 2 isomers of glucose. How many carbon atoms do these contain?

A

Fructose and Galactose. All contain 6 carbon atoms.

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11
Q

When a disaccharide is formed, what is eliminated and what kind of bond is formed?

A

Water is eliminated. A glycosidic bond is formed.

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12
Q

Which 2 monosaccharides join together to form sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose.

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13
Q

Which 2 monosaccharides join together to form lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose.

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14
Q

Which 2 monosaccharides join together to form maltose?

A

Glucose and glucose.

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15
Q

What are the components of starch?

A

75% amylopectin
25% amylose

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16
Q

What kind of polymer of glucose is amylopectin and what kind of glycosidic bonds form it?

A

Branched chain polymer of glucose.

Formed by a-1,4 and a-1,6 glycosidic bonds.

17
Q

What kind of polymer of glucose is amylose and what kind of glycosidic bonds form it?

A

Linear polymer of glucose.

Formed by a-1,4 glycosidic bonds only.

18
Q

Where is cellulose obtained from and what kind of polymer of glucose is it?

A

Plant sources.

Linear polymer of glucose.

19
Q

Where is glycogen obtained from and what kind of polymer of glucose is it?

A

Animal sources.

Extensively branched polymer of glucose.

20
Q

What is dextrin and what kind of oligomer of glucose is it?

A

The breakdown of starch and glycogen.

Branched oligomer of glucose.

21
Q

What are the 4 main types of important lipids?

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. Triglycerides
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Cholesterol esters
22
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one what?

A

C=C double bond.

23
Q

What 2 things are joined together to form triglycerides?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol.

24
Q

What are ketone bodies?

A

Small (4-carbon), water-soluble fatty acids formed by the liver during fasting, when they become important energy substrates for the brain.

25
Q

What are the 3 main ketone bodies?

A
  1. Acetoacetic acid
  2. B-hydroxybutyric acid
  3. Acetone
26
Q

Which type of reaction allows energy to be released from organic molecules?

A

Oxidation reactions.

27
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The loss of electrons.

28
Q

How are lipids transported through aqueous environments?

A

As lipoproteins.

29
Q

What does the hydrophobic core of lipoproteins contain?

A

Triglycerides and cholesterol esters.

30
Q

What does the hydrophilic surface of lipoproteins contain?

A

Phospholipids, free cholesterol, and apolipoproteins.

31
Q

List the lipoproteins from least to most dense.

A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. VLDLs
  3. LDLs
  4. HDLs
32
Q

What is the main function of chylomicrons?

A

To deliver dietary (exogenous) TAG to the peripheral tissues.

33
Q

What is the main function of VLDLs?

A

To deliver endogenous TAG to the peripheral tissues.

34
Q

What is the main function of LDLs?

A

To deliver cholesterol to the peripheral tissues and liver.

35
Q

What is the main function of HDLs?

A

To deliver cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver for elimination.

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