Module 7

Question 1

Generational Solidarity

Answer 1

over time, a family will adjust its living arrangements to reflect the changing needs and resources of different generations.
*early in the life course, the economic needs of adult children determine their relative proximity to their parents.
*later in the life course, the parents’ economic and health needs influence how close their children live to them

Question 2

Living arrangements changing patterns:

Answer 2

More older adults live alone.
When the economy is bad, more young adults live with their parents

Question 3

Shared housing

Answer 3

Includes at least one extra adult who is not a spouse, unmarried romantic partner of the household head or a student.
*this person may be a sibling, friend, or other relative

Question 4

Ecological Model of Aging

Answer 4

proposes that behaviour and well-being are a function of the fit between the person (competence) and environment (environmental press). High competence and low environmental press=positive effects

Question 5

Aging in place

Answer 5

to stay and grow old in their own home and community
*in some cases, aging in place can be a maladaptive behaviour
*incorporating age-friendly features into communities can assist older adults to remain in their own communities for as long as possible

Question 6

Migratory stream

Answer 6

The migration of people from one region to another, such as the movement of older people to the Sun Belt.

Question 7

Golant’s Theoretical Model of Residential Normalcy:

Answer 7

“places where they experience overall pleasure, hassle-free and memorable feelings have relevance to them; and where they feel both content and in control–that is, they do not have to behave in personally objectionable ways or to unduly surrender mastery of their own lives or environments (Golant, 2011, p.194)

Question 8

Challenges of Aging in Place

Answer 8

*poorly maintained/unhealthy housing
*social isolation
*lack of amenities/resources in neighbourhoods
*unique rural and urban challenges

Question 9

Community

Answer 9

can refer to a geographic space with defined boundaries (e.g. a city) or a group that one has meaningful social relationships with (e.g. Japanese-Canadian community). In the context of living arrangements for older adults, community usually refers to a geographical space.

Question 10

Age-integrated communities

Answer 10

include multiple age groups. Most older adults prefer to live in age-integrated communities.

Question 11

Age-segregated communities

Answer 11

consist of people in similar age groups

Question 12

Mobility of Older Adults

Answer 12

mobility is essential to facilitate aging in place, particularly in rural areas
*often there are concerns about the competency of older adult drivers–while older adults cause more accidents per km, they drive less so they pose a limited risk to traffic safety

Question 13

policy options to increase safety of older drivers:

Answer 13

regular driving/physical exams, use of restricted licenses, and driver retraining programs.

Question 14

Migratory Patterns

Answer 14

Majority of older adults choose to age in place, but it is expected that baby boomers will be more mobile than previous generations
*most older adults who move do so for health reasons, family reasons, or a desire for better accommodations/lifestyle
*in Canada, most moves that occur are made to places close to home

Question 15

Common migratory patterns for older adults who move across jurisdictions include:

Answer 15

*interprovincial migration westwards
*seasonal migration south to the US (snowbirds)
*international migration to be closer to family or amenities

Question 16

Age-Friendly Communities

Answer 16

an initiative developed by the World Health Organization
“In practical terms, an age-friendly city adapts its structures and services to be accessible to and inclusive of older people with varying needs and capacities”

Question 17

Age-Friendly Communities

Answer 17

an initiative developed by the World Health Organization
“In practical terms, an age-friendly city adapts its structures and services to be accessible to and inclusive of older people with varying needs and capacities”

Question 18

Core features of Age-friendly communities:

Answer 18

*outdoor spaces and buildings
*transportation
*housing
*social participation
*respect and social inclusion
*civic participation and employment
*communication and information=accessible
*community support and health services

Question 19

Living Arrangements of Older Adults

Answer 19

most older adults live in their own homes in the community. Living arrangements may differ by race and ethic origin
*currently 3 generation households are uncommon in the U.S. and Canada, but are common in some other countries
*in the 1850s, the majority of older people lived with a child, while in 2000 only a small proportion did

Question 20

Home ownership

Answer 20

In Canada, home ownership peaks at about 75% for those age 65, and then begins to decline around age 75. Home ownership can provide financial security to older adults, and a source of wealth to pass down to children, but can also be a burden due to maintenance, changing community environments, challenging architecture. One way to mitigate challenging architecture is through the principles of universal design

Question 21

Assisted Living Facility (AFL)

Answer 21

A type of housing that includes assistance with daily activities and 24-hour oversight; caters to a more affluent clientele than do board and care homes; usually provides private rooms and baths or small apartments, social and recreational facilities, and individualized care. provide meals, personal care, limited medical assistance, housekeeping, utilities, social activities, transportation and security
*often a temporary stop before needing nursing home care
*loneliness is a problem

Question 22

Supportive Housing

Answer 22

General term-A variety of group-housing options that include assistance with activities of daily living; designed to help residents stay in one place and avoid or delay the need for institutional care.

Question 23

what determines whether residents are satisfied in their ALF (assisted living facility)

Answer 23

*autonomy: even though assisted living is supposed to encourage autonomy, some residents feel a loss of autonomy because of lack of control over meal-times, seating arrangements, recreational activities, furniture placement etc.
*homier facility
*whether or not the move was voluntary
*relationships with staff and other residents

Question 24

continuing care retirement community (CCRC)

Answer 24

A planned retirement community that provides a continuum of housing arrangements and services ranging from independent living to assisted living to skilled nursing care.
*more common in the U.S than Canada

Question 25

Independent living community

Answer 25

A new type of continuing care retirement community that is geared toward a younger, healthier clientele.

Question 26

Skilled Nursing Facilities

Answer 26

provide 24/7 assistance and care

Question 27

Board and care homes

Answer 27

supportive living arrangements for people who cannot live on their own (e.g. have developmental and psychological disabilities)

Question 28

key characteristics of supportive housing include:

Answer 28

residential character, supportive physical environment, access to necessary support services, progressive management philosophy, affordability and choice (different room choices)

Question 29

CCRC (Continuing Care Retirement Community) Pros:

Answer 29

*provide a full range of care in the same location
*opportunities for social interaction and friendships
*decreased maintenance responsibilities

Question 30

CCRC (Continuing Care Retirement Community) Cons:

Answer 30

*adjusting to the move
*challenges with transitioning to higher levels of care
*lack of affordability

Question 31

Absolute Homelessness:

Answer 31

people who are living on the streets or in shelters

Question 32

Hidden Homelessness:

Answer 32

people who are living in temporary of inadequate housing arrangements such as sleeping on a friend’s couch

Question 33

At risk of Homelessness

Answer 33

people at risk of becoming homeless due to their shelter being unsafe, insecure, or unaffordable

Question 34

Homeless people and aging

Answer 34

homeless people age faster than the regular population, so normally a person who is homeless is classified as elderly at age 50

Question 35

Housing Supports for homeless people

Answer 35

*emergency housing and supports
*Housing First (program that provides immediate housing and concurrent supports)
*transitional housing (time-limited housing designed to help people move towards independence and self sufficiency)
*subsidized housing (housing units that gov’t subsidizes) or renal assistance